Data Dictionary
All: Displaying all PolicyMap data
Black Knight: Home Sales
Details: |
Single family, condo, mobile home home sales, and sales price |
Topics: |
housing |
Source: |
Black Knight |
Years Available: |
2008 to 2024 Annual and Quarterly |
Geographies: |
zip code |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Premium Subscriber Only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
https://www.blackknightinc.com/ |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
May 2024 |
Description:
Black Knight estimates number of sales of existing single-family homes, condominiums, and mobile homes for U.S. zip codes. The estimates are based on deed transaction filings from county recorders offices’ public-record filings.Percent changes are calculated by PolicyMap.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Flu Activity & Surveillance
Details: |
level of influenza-like-illness activity, weeks of above-average influenza-like-illness activity, geographic spread of flu |
Topics: |
Seasonal influenza, flu |
Source: |
CDC: FluView |
Years Available: |
Seasonal for 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23, 2023-24 |
Geographies: |
State |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Public Edition |
Download Available: |
yes |
For more information: |
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/usmap.htm |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
August 2024 |
Description:
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Flu Activity & Surveillance System dataset provides estimates of flu activity for states and territories of the U.S. Flu activity indicators are a measure of the proportion of visits to healthcare providers for influenza-like illness (ILI) symptoms. Estimates are collected from public health facilities participating in the Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet). These data may disproportionately represent certain populations within a state; for instance, a severe flu outbreak in one city or region may cause the statewide activity level to be High, even if flu activity is low or minimal in other areas throughout the state. State health departments may have more geographically precise information available; contact information for these departments is available in FluView. Geographic spread of influenza is reported directly to CDC by state epidemiologists. This is a measure of how much of each state is affected by flu, and is not a measure of the severity of influenza activity. Weekly data and state and local surveillance information are available at the CDC Influenza Surveillance website. ILI activity and geographic spread measures are provided weekly. To obtain seasonal values, PolicyMap calculated the average of the numerical activity levels for all weeks ending in a given season. Flu season is defined as the period beginning in October and ending in May. Only states with at least 24 weeks of activity per season are included in these calculations.New York City reports flu data to CDC separately from New York State; as such, New York State flu activity and geographic spread measures do not take New York City into account.
Data Axle Retail Healthcare Locations
Details: |
Retail Healthcare Locations |
Topics: |
Health |
Source: |
Data Axle |
Years Available: |
2024 |
Geographies: |
point |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.dataaxle.com/ |
Description:
Data Axle provides locations and characteristics of a wide range of businesses, both large and small. PolicyMap licenses data on retail-based healthcare locations. These may be based in large pharmacy chains such as a CVS or Walgreens, or be independent. We present the locations, addresses, and information on a parent chain such as CVS or Walgreeens if the retail clinic is part of a chain.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), AirData Air Quality Index Report
Details: |
Air quality index |
Topics: |
air quality |
Source: |
US EPA |
Years Available: |
2021 |
Geographies: |
County, CBSA, Place, ZIP, Neighborhood |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.epa.gov/airdata/ |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
February 2022 |
Description:
The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) provides a Median Air Quality Index (AQI) at the county level. The median AQI is based on the value for which half of daily AQI values during the year were less than or equal to the median value, and half equaled or exceeded it. Air quality is defined by the EPA as follows: good air quality ranges from 0-50; moderate air quality ranges from 51-100; unhealthy air quality for sensitive groups ranges from 101-150; and unhealthy air quality is 151 or higher, which includes the AQI categories of unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (EJScreen)
Details: |
EPA-generated indexes for a combination of environmental and socioeconomic indicators. |
Topics: |
Public health, climate change, environment, environmental justice, air quality, pollution, socioeconomic indicators |
Source: |
Environmental Protection Agency |
Years Available: |
2024 |
Geographies: |
Tract, Block Group |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
yes |
For more information: |
https://www.epa.gov/ejscreen/download-ejscreen-data |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
July 2024 |
Description:
EPA EJScreen is EPA’s environmental justice mapping and screening tool that provides EPA with a nationally consistent dataset and approach to present three kinds of information: environmental burden indicators, socioeconomic indicators and EJ/Supplemental Indexes. EJScreen combines demographic and environmental indicators to highlight places that may have environmental quality issues, higher environmental burdens, and vulnerable populations.
The EJ Indexes combine demographic information with a single environmental burden indicator to display areas that may have a high combination of vulnerable populations and environmental burden. Specifically, an EJ Index is calculated by multiplying a single environmental burden indicator and the Demographic Index (an average of % low-income and % people of color for each location). On the other hand, the Supplemental Indexes combine socioeconomic information with a single environmental burden indicator to display communities with both high environmental burden and socioeconomic vulnerability. A Supplemental Index is calculated by multiplying a single environmental indicator and the Supplemental Demographic Index (an average of % low-income, % persons with disabilities, % limited English speaking, % less than high school education, and low life expectancy for each location). Compared to the EJ indexes, the Supplemental Indexes offer more insight on community-level vulnerability by measuring socioeconomic burden in the five-factor Supplemental Demographic Index. EJScreen presents each indicator or index value as a percentile normalized to either the state or the nation, ranked from 0 to 100. These percentile ranks indicate the proportion of geographies with equal or lower burden compared to the geography of interest. For example, if you are looking at the Lead Paint EJ Index (National Percentiles) on the tract-level, a Lead Paint EJ Index percentile of 80 means that 80% of tracts in the nation have less potential exposure to lead paint than the tract of interest, and that 20% of tracts in the nation have greater potential exposure to lead paint. The U.S. percentiles use the U.S. population as the basis of comparison, and the state percentiles are calculated based on the population in a given state (or District of Columbia or Puerto Rico). State percentiles may provide useful information in identifying how high an indicator is relative to the rest of that state. EJScreen may be used to support educational programs, grant writing, community awareness efforts, and other purposes. Previously, EPA identified areas with any EJ index at or above the 80th percentile nationally as a starting point for further analysis or outreach for environmental justice concerns. The 80th percentile filter has been used for internal EPA use and is not necessarily intended to apply to states or other organizations. Furthermore, EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF) defines low-income and disadvantaged communities as census block groups that are at or above the 90th percentile for EJ Screen’s Supplemental Indexes and those defined as disadvantaged through the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool. For more information on the uses and limitations of EJScreen, visit https://www.epa.gov/ejscreen/purposes-and-uses-ejscreen.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Safe Drinking Water Information System
Details: |
Water quality violations from reporting water systems. |
Topics: |
Public health, water quality, drinking water |
Source: |
Environmental Protection Agency |
Years Available: |
2022, 2023 |
Geographies: |
County |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API and Flat File only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
https://www.epa.gov/enviro/sdwis-model |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
Oct 2024 |
Description:
The EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Information System provides information on public water systems, and their quantity and types of violations of drinking water regulations. Using EPA guidelines, PolicyMap categorizes each violation as a health violation or a monitoring and reporting violation. The source data comes at the agency-level and water systems are identified as serving particular counties. PolicyMap uses the underlying source data to produce county-level indicators. Only water systems that serve 3,300 people or more are included. Violation counts are weighted by the number of people served by each water system to produce population weighted average indicators for each area.
GreatSchools’ School District Performance
Topics: |
Public and Public Charter School District performance, test scores by district |
Source: |
GreatSchools |
Years Available: |
varied, 2012 to 2018 |
Geographies: |
school district |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.greatschools.org |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
November 2019 |
Description:
GreatSchools is a national, independent nonprofit organization providing elementary, middle and high school information for public, private, and charter schools nationwide. PolicyMap licenses GreatSchools’ school district test score information for incorporation in PolicyMap. PolicyMap displays data for the following standardized tests: Alaska Alaska Measure of Progress (AMP): The Alaska Department of Education administered AMP (Alaska Measures of Progress) for the first time in spring of 2015. Previously, students in grades 3-10 took the Standards Based Assessments (SBAs). AMP is aligned to Alaska’s English Language Arts and Mathematics Standards, which are much more rigorous than the Grade Level Expectations on which the SBAs were based. Because the two assessments measure very different standards, under no circumstances should the results be compared between these two assessments. Alaska Science Assessment: The Alaska Science Assessment are designed to measure a student’s understanding of the skills and concepts outlined in the Alaska Science Grade Level Expectations (GLEs). In 2017-18, the science assessment is administered to students in grades 4, 8, and 10. Alaska Performance Evaluation for Alaska’s Schools: The Performance Evaluation for Alaska’s Schools (PEAKS) is designed to measure a student’s understanding of the skills and concepts outlined in the Alaska English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics Standards. The Alaska English Language Arts and Mathematics Standards are specific rigorous expectations for growth in students’ skills across grades.The Alaska English language arts (ELA) standards demonstrate the expectation that students’ skills will build across grades in reading and analyzing a variety of complex texts, writing with clarity for different purposes, and presenting and evaluating ideas and evidence. The ELA standards are designed to help students develop a logical progression of fluency, analysis, and application, moving toward college and career readiness. The Alaska mathematics standards have the expectation that students’ skills will grow across grades in mathematics content as well as mathematical practices. The mathematics standards are designed to help students develop a logical progression of mathematical fluency, conceptual understanding, and real world application. In 2017-18, the PEAKS assessments are administered to students in grades 3-9. Alaska Standards Based Assessments (SBAs): In 2014-2015 Alaska used the Standards Based Assessment (SBA) to test students in grades 4, 8 and 10 in science. The SBA is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Alaska. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Alabama Alabama Science Assessment (ASA): In 2013-2014 Alabama used the Alabama Science Assessment (ASA) to test students in grades 5 and 7 in science. The ASA is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Alabama. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficiency level 3. AL ACT Aspire: In 2016-2017, students in Alabama took the ACT Aspire. The ACT Aspire is a standards-based assessment system that gauges student progression from grades 3-8, and grade 10 in english and math, and grades 5, 7, and 10 in science. The ACT Aspire is administered to grades 3-8 and grade 10 students in Alabama public schools. AL ACT PLAN: ACT Plan contains four curriculum-based assessment-English, mathematics, reading, and science. Students in grade 10 receive scores on each subject test as well as a predictor composite score for the ACT. Score reports provide information to help students identify skills and knowledge required for college success as well as areas where extra help or additional high school courses were needed Arkansas Benchmark Exam: In 2014-2015 Arkansas used the Benchmark Exam to test students in grades 5 and 7 in science. The Benchmark Exam is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Arkansas. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. End of Course Exam: In 2014-2015 Arkansas used the End of Course Exam to test high school students in Biology. The results for End of Course Exams administered in the spring of each school year are displayed on GreatSchools profiles. The End of Course Exam is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined by the state of Arkansas. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. AR ACT Aspire: In 2016-2017, students in Arkansas took the ACT Aspire. The ACT Aspire is an end-of-year summative assessment that gauges student progression from grades 3 through 10 in English, reading, writing, math, and science. The ACT Aspire is administered to students in grades 3-10 in Arkansas public schools. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): The PARCC assessments summarize student performance through one of five performance levels. They include: Exceeded Expectations, Met Expectations, Approached Expectations, Partially Met Expectations, or Did Not Yet Meet Expectations.The knowledge and skills students need to demonstrate at each of the performance levels were based on recommendations of educator panels representing each of the participating states in the Consortium. Arkansas teachers were strong participants on these panels. All states in the Consortium have adopted these same performance standards. Arizona Arizona’s Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS): In 2016-2017, Arizona used the Arizona Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS) to test students in science in grades 4, 8 and high school students in grades 9-11. AIMS is a standards-based test, which means that it measures how well students have mastered Arizona learning standards. The goal is for all students to meet or exceed state standards. on the test. AZMerit: In 2016-2017, students in Arizona took the AZMerit. Arizona’s Measurement of Educational Readiness to Inform Teaching (AzMERIT) is an annual statewide test that measures how students are performing in English language arts and math for students in grade 3-8, and grade 11. The AZ Merit is also used to assess students for End of Course assessments for Algebra I, Algebra II, and Geometry. California California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP): In 2017-2018, California tested students using the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP), administered through the online Smarter Balanced Summative Assessments. These are comprehensive, end-of-year assessments of grade-level learning that measure progress toward college and career readiness. Each test, English language arts/literacy (ELA) and mathematics is comprised of two parts: (1) a computer adaptive test and (2) a performance task; administered within a 12-week window beginning at 66 percent of the instructional year for grades three through eight, or within in a 7-week window beginning at 80 percent of the instructional year for grade eleven. The summative assessments are aligned with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for ELA and mathematics. The tests capitalize on the strengths of computer adaptive testing-efficient and precise measurement across the full range of achievement and timely turnaround of results. California Standards Tests: In 2015-2016 California used the California Standards Tests (CSTs) to test students in science in grades 5, 8 and 10. The CSTs are standards-based tests, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of California. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the tests. Colorado Colorado Measures of Academic Success (CMAS): In 2017-2018, students in Colorado took the CMAS assessment for English Language Arts, Math, and Science. Connecticut Connecticut Mastery Test: In 2015-2016, students in Connecticut took the CMT assessment for science in grades 5 and 8. Connecticut Academic Performance Test: In 2015-2016, students in Connecticut took the CAPT assessment for science in grade 10. Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2015-2016, students in Connecticut took the CT SBAC for grades 3-8. Students were tested in ELA and Math. District of Columbia The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In spring 2017, District of Columbia students took the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers, or PARCC, assessments for the first time. The new assessment, which replaced the DC CAS annual assessment, is more rigorous and designed to measure students readiness for college and career. District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System (DC CAS): In 2013-2014 Washington, D.C. used the District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System (DC-CAS) to test students in reading and math in grades 3 through 8 and 10, science in grades 5, 8, and 10, and composition in grades 4, 7, and 10. Currently GreatSchools is displaying results for reading and math only. The DC-CAS is a standards-based testing program, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the District of Columbia. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Delaware Delaware Comprehensive Assessment System (DCAS): In 2014-2015 Delaware used the Delaware Comprehensive Assessment System (DCAS) to test students in social studies in grades 4 and in science in grades 5, 8 and 10. The DCAS is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Delaware. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Smarter Balanced Assessment: The Smarter Balanced assessments are designed to measure the progress of Delaware students in ELA/Literacy and Mathematics standards in grades 3-8. The administration of the Smarter assessments in grades 3-8, and 11 occurred during spring 2017 Florida Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2 (FCAT 2): From 2011-2014, the FCAT 2.0 was used to measure student achievement of the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards in reading, mathematics, and writing. In spring 2015, it was replaced by the Florida Standards Assessments (FSA) in English language arts and mathematics to measure student achievement of the Florida Standards. The Statewide Science Assessment will continue to be administered, along with retakes for Grade 10 FCAT 2.0 Reading. Florida End Of Course Test (EOC): In 2017-2018, the FL End-of-Course (EOC) assessment tested students in various subjects like Algebra 1 and US History. Florida Standards Assessment: In 2017-2018, the Florida Standards Assessments (FSA) tested students in English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics. Georgia Georgia Milestones End-of-Course (EOC) Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in Georgia took the George Milestones Assessment. The Georgia Milestones Assessment System (Georgia Milestones) is a comprehensive summative assessment program spanning grades 3 through high school. Georgia Milestones measures how well students have learned the knowledge and skills outlined in the state-adopted content standards in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Students in grades 3 through 8 will take an end-of-grade assessment in each content area, while high school students will take an end-of-course assessment for each of the eight courses designated by the State Board of Education. Georgia Milestones End-of-Grade (EOG) Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in Georgia took the George Milestones Assessment. The Georgia Milestones Assessment System (Georgia Milestones) is a comprehensive summative assessment program spanning grades 3 through high school. Georgia Milestones measures how well students have learned the knowledge and skills outlined in the state-adopted content standards in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Students in grades 3 through 8 will take an end-of-grade assessment in each content area, while high school students will take an end-of-course assessment for each of the eight courses designated by the State Board of Education. Georgia End of Course Tests (EOCT): In 2013-2014 Georgia administered End-of-Course Tests (EOCT) in 9th grade math level 2, geometry, analytic geometry, coordinated algebra, biology, United States history, physical science, American literature, and economics. The EOCT is a standards-based assessment, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined by the state of Georgia. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Georgia High School Writing Test (GHSWT): In 2014-2015 Georgia administered the Georgia High School Writing Test (GHSWT) to students in grade 11. The GHSWT is a standards-based assessment, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined by the state of Georgia. Students must pass the GHSWT in order to graduate from high school. The goal is for all students to pass the test. This assessment was retired in March 2015 and will no longer be administered in Georgia. Georgia Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests: In 2013-2014 Georgia administered the Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests (CRCT) in reading, social studies, science, English language arts and math in grades 3 through 8. The CRCT is a standards-based assessment, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Georgia. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Hawaii Hawaii State Assessments (HSA): In 2012-2013 Hawaii used the Hawaii State Assessment (HSA) to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 10 in reading and math, and grade 10 in biology. The HSA is a standards-based test that measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Hawaii. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level on the test. Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in HI took the Smarter Balanced Assessments (SBA) in mathematics and English Language Arts/Literacy (ELA). The SBA is aligned to the Hawaii Common Core Standards, and designed to measure whether students are on track for readiness in college and/or career. SBA replaced the Hawaii State Assessment in math and reading. These are mandatory assessments given to students in grades 3-8 and 11. Iowa Iowa Assessment: In 2016-2017 Iowa used the Iowa Assessments to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 11 in reading and math. The scores reflect the performance of students enrolled for the full academic year. The Iowa Assessments are standards-based tests, which measure specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Iowa. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the tests. Idaho Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in grades 3-8 and once in high school take the SBAC to determine whether they have achieved the standards for their grade level and subject area. There are tests for English Language Arts/Literacy and Mathematics. Idaho Standards Achievement Tests (ISAT): In 2016-2017, students in grades 5 and 7, students took the ISAT science assessment. Illinois Illinois Standard Achievement Test (ISAT): In 2013-2014 Illinois used the Illinois Standards Achievement Test (ISAT) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math, and in grades 4 and 7 in science. The ISAT is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Illinois. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. In 2013 the Illinois State Board of Education raised the performance expectations for the ISAT in reading and math. These expectations have been adjusted to better align with the Common Core State Standards, a multi-state initiative that established year-by-year guidelines outlining the grade-specific skills and content students need to stay on the path to college and career readiness. The higher expectations of the new standards will result in a downward shift of where students rank in meeting or exceeding standards. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In 2016-2017, students in Illinois took The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC). PARCC is the state assessment and accountability measure for Illinois students enrolled in a public school district. PARCC assesses the New Illinois Learning Standards Incorporating the Common Core and will be administered to students in English Language Arts and Mathematics. Illinois Prairie State Achievement Examination (PSAE): In 2013-2014 Illinois used the Prairie State Achievement Examination (PSAE) to test students in grade 11 in reading, math and science. The PSAE is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Illinois. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Indiana Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress Plus: In 2016-2017, Indiana used the Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress-Plus (ISTEP+) assessment to test students in grades 3 through 8, and grade 10 in English language arts and math. The ISTEP+ is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Indiana. The goal is for all students to score at the passing level on the test. Indiana Reading Evaluation and Determination: The IREAD-3 assesses the 2017 Indiana Academic Standards, specifically those standards which align to foundational skills in reading. Indiana End-of-Course Assessments (ECAs): In 2014-2015 Indiana used the End-of-Course (ECA) assessment to test students in middle and high school in Algebra I, Biology I, and English 10. The ECA is a criterion-referenced assessment developed specifically for students completing their instruction in Algebra I, Biology I, or English 10. The goal is for all students to score at the passing level on the test. Kansas Kansas State Assessments: In 2017-18, Kansas used the Kansas State Assessments (KSA) to test students in grades 3 though 8, and 10 in reading and math. Students were also tested in grades 5,8,11 in science, and grades, 6,8, and 11 in history and government. The tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Kansas. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Kentucky Kentucky Performance Rating for Educational Progress (K-PREP): In 2016-2017, Kentucky used the Kentucky Performance Rating for Educational Progress (K-PREP) tests to assess students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and mathematics, 5 and 8 in social studies, 5, 8, and 11 in writing, and 4 and 6 in language mechanics. The K-PREP is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Kentucky. Kentucky End-of-Course Assessments: In 2016-2017, Kentucky administered the End-of-Course (EOC) assessments. EOCs are tests given to public high school students when they complete a course to assess their knowledge of important course concepts. They are similar to a final exam, except that they are created and scored by an outside testing company, ensuring that the tests are both rigorous and aligned with state and national college readiness standards. Louisiana Louisiana End of Course Test: In 2015-2016 Louisiana used the End-Of-Course (EOC) tests to test grade high school students in English 2, English 3, U.S. history, biology 1, algebra 1 and geometry. The EOC is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Louisiana. The EOC is a high school graduation requirement. The goal is for all students to score at or above basic on the test. Louisiana Educational Assessment Program: In 2015-2016, students took the Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (LEAP) for grades 3-8 ELA, Math and Social Studies, and grades 4 and 8 in Science. These assessments are aligned to the Louisiana Standards which were developed with significant input from Louisiana educators. Integrated Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (iLEAP): In 2014-2015 Louisiana used the integrated Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (iLEAP) to assess students in grades 3, 5, 6, and 7 in science, and social studies. The iLEAP is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Louisiana.vIn preparation for new assessments in 2014-15, Louisiana is including more common core aligned content in LEAP and iLEAP tests in 2012-13 and in 2013-14. The percent of students earning a proficient score is expected to be lower as a result of this change. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In grades 3-8 for English language arts (ELA) and mathematics, Louisiana has chosen to adopt the assessments developed by The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC). PARCC is a group of states working together to develop high-quality assessments driven by determining whether students are college- and career-ready or on track. PARCC assesses the full range of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), measures the full range of student performance, including the performance of high- and low-performing students, provides data during the academic year to inform instruction, interventions and professional development, provides data for accountability, including measures of growth, and incorporating innovative approaches throughout the assessment system. Massachusetts Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS): In 2016-2017 Massachusetts used the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) to test students in grade 10 in English Language Arts and Math, and grades 5, 8 and 10 in science. The grade 10 MCAS is a high school graduation requirement. The MCAS is a standards-based test, it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Massachusetts. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. MCAS Science and Technology/Engineering (MCAS STE) Tests: In 2016-2017 Massachusetts used the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System Science and Technology/Engineering Tests (MCAS STE) to test students in high school in biology, chemistry, introductory physics and technology/engineering. The MCAS STE is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Massachusetts. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In 2016-2017, students were tested with the PARCC assessment for grades 3-8 in English and Math. Maryland The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In school year 2015-2016, the PARCC assessments in mathematics and English Arts(ELA)/Literacy were administered to students in Maryland. The PARCC assessments will measure the content and skills contained in the new standards. These new advanced assessments are aligned to new standards, the user experience will be totally different, the scoring is different, and for the first time, Maryland will be able to examine deeper learning, critical-thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills needed for career and college readiness. Maryland High School Assessments: In 2014-2015 Maryland used the Maryland High School Assessments (HSA) to test students in Biology upon completion of each course. The HSA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Maryland. Students are required to pass the tests in order to graduate. The goal is for all students to pass the tests. Maryland School Assessment: In 2015-2016 Maryland used the Maryland School Assessment (MSA) to test students in grades 5 and 8 in science. The MSA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Maryland. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. Maine New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP): In 2012-2013 Maine used the New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math and in grades 5 and 8 in writing. The NECAP is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Maine. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. ME SBAC: The 2014-15 Smarter Balanced Assessment scores in English language arts and mathematics for grades 3 through 8 and high school. These results are reflective of a more rigorous assessment as the world is changing rapidly, and Maine is poised to improve in this educational shift to better prepare our students for future success. Maine Educational Assessment (MEA): In 2014-2015 Maine used the Maine Educational Assessment (MEA) to test students in grades 5, 8, and 11 in science. The MEA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Maine. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Maine High School Assessment (MHSA): In 2012-2013 Maine used the Maine High School Assessment (MHSA) to test students in grade 11 in critical reading, math, writing and science. The results reported show how well students are mastering state standards, specific skills defined by the state of Maine. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Michigan Michigan Merit Exam (MME): In 2013-2014 Michigan used the Michigan Merit Examination (MME) to assess students in grade 11 in reading, writing, math, science and social studies. The MME is a standards-based test, which measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Michigan. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Beginning in the 2011-2012 school year, the Michigan State Board of Education implemented new definitions of what it means to be proficient on the MME test. In addition, they have recalculated past years’ results using these new standards for proficiency, making the above year-over-year results comparable. Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP): In 2013-2014 Michigan used the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in math, reading and writing; in grades 5 and 8 in science; and in grades 6 and 9 in social studies. Currently, GreatSchools’ ratings reflect 2013 MEAP results; ratings will be updated after 2014 Michigan Merit Examination (MME) results are released. The MEAP is a standards-based test, which measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Michigan. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Beginning in the 2011-2012 school year, the Michigan State Board of Education implemented new definitions of what it means to be proficient on the MEAP test. In addition, they have recalculated past years’ results using these new standards for proficiency, making the above year-over-year results comparable. Michigan Student Test of Educational Progress (M-STEP): In 2016-2017, students in Michigan took the Michigan Student Test of Educational Progress, or M-STEP. The M-STEP includes a summative assessments designed to measure student growth effectively for today’s students. English language arts and mathematics will be assessed in grades 3-8, science in grades 4 and 7, and social studies in grades 5 and 8. It also includes the Michigan Merit Examination in 11th grade, which consists of a college entrance exam, work skills assessment, and M-STEP summative assessments in English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Minnesota Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments Series III (MCA-III): In 2017-18, Minnesota used the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment-III (MCA-III) to test in math in grades 3 through 8 and 11, in reading in grades 3 through 8 and 10, and in science for grades 5 and 8, and once in high school. The MCA-III is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Minnesota. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Missouri Missouri Assessment Program: The 2016-2017 Missouri Assessment Program assesses students progress toward mastery of the Show-Me Standards which are the educational standards in Missouri. The Grade-Level Assessment is a yearly standards-based test that measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Missouri. All students in grades 3-8 in Missouri will take the grade level assessment. English Language Arts and Mathematics are administered in all grades. Science is administered in grades 5 and 8. Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) End-of-Course Assessments: The 2016-2017 Missouri Assessment Program assesses students progress toward the Missouri Learning Standards, which are Missouri content standards. End-of-Course assessments are taken when a student has received instruction on the Missouri Learning Standards for an assessment, regardless of grade level. Missouri suite of available End-of-Course assessments includes: English I, English II, Algebra II, Geometry, American History, Government, Biology and Physical Science. Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2014-2015, Missouri used the Smarter Balanced Assessment to test students in grade 3-8 in Math and English/Language Arts. Mississippi Mississippi Assessment Program End-Of-Course: In 2015-2016, students in Mississippi took The Mississippi Assessment Program (MAP). MAP is designed to measure student achievement on the Mississippi College-and Career-Readiness Standards (MS CCRS) for English Language Arts and Mathematics and to provide valid and reliable results to guide instruction through data driven instruction. The MAP EOC will assess students in grades 3-8 in Algebra I and English II. Mississippi Assessment Program: In 2015-2016, students in Mississippi took The Mississippi Assessment Program (MAP). MAP is designed to measure student achievement on the Mississippi College-and Career-Readiness Standards (MS CCRS) for English Language Arts and Mathematics and to provide valid and reliable results to guide instruction through data driven instruction. The MAP will assess students in grades 3-8 in English Language Arts and Mathematics. Mississippi Curriculum Test, 2nd Edition: In 2012-2013 Mississippi used the Mississippi Curriculum Test, 2nd Edition (MCT2) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in language arts and math. The MCT is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Mississippi. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. Mississippi Science Test: In 2012-2013 Mississippi used the Mississippi Science Test (MST) to test students in grades 5 and 8 in science. The MST is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Mississippi. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): The PARCC assessment replaced Mississippi Curriculum Test – 2nd edition (MCT2) for English Language arts and Mathematics for grades 3 through 8 and the Subject Area Testing Program – 2nd edition (SATP2) for Algebra I and English II. The test results provide valuable information for parents and communities on whether students are learning and making progress in school. The PARCC test results are the first for Mississippi’s students to measure higher learning goals. According to PARCC, students scoring Level 4 or 5 are meeting or exceeding expectations. Mississippi Subject Area Testing Program (SATP): In 2012-2013 Mississippi used the Subject Assessment Testing Program (SATP) to test students in English II, writing, algebra I, biology I and U.S. history at the completion of each course. Students must pass all parts of the SATP in order to graduate from high school. The SATP is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Mississippi. The goal is for all students to pass the test. Montana Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in Montana took the SBAC assessment, which measures grades 3-8 in ELA and Math. Criterion-Referenced Test (CRT): In 2013-2014 Montana used the Criterion-Referenced Test (CRT) in Science only. The Science CRT is aligned to Montana Content Standards. Only students in grades 4, 8, and 10 will take the Science CRT. The CRT is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Montana. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Reading and Math will be assessed using Smarter Balanced. North Carolina North Carolina End-of-Grade Tests: In 2016-2017 North Carolina used End-of-Grade (EOG) tests to assess students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math, and grades 5 and 8 in science. The EOG is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of North Carolina. Students must pass the grade 8 EOG test in order to graduate from high school. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level on the tests. North Carolina End-of-Course Tests: In 2016-2017 North Carolina used End-of-Course (EOC) tests to assess high school students in Mathematics, English II, and Biology. The EOC tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of North Carolina. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level on the tests. North Dakota North Dakota State Assessments (NDSA): In 2016-17, North Dakota used the North Dakota State Assessment (NDSA) to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 11 in reading and math, and in science in grades 4, 8 and 11. Results represent students enrolled in the school for the entire academic year. The NDSA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering the specific skills defined for each grade by the state of North Dakota. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Nebraska Nebraska Student-Centered Assessment System: In 2017-18 Nebraska used the Nebraska Student-Centered Assessment System (NSCAS) assessment to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 11 in english language arts and math, and grades 5, 8, and 11 in science. The NSCAS is a statewide assessment system that embodies Nebraska’s holistic view of students and helps them prepare for success in postsecondary education, career, and civic life. Nebraska State Accountability (NeSA): In 2016-2017 Nebraska used the Nebraska Student-Centered Assessment System (NSCAS) assessment to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 11 in english language arts. Nebraska also used the Nebraska State Accountability (NeSA) to test students in grades 3 through 8 and 11 in math, and in grades 5, 8 and 11 in science. These assessments are standards-based tests, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Nebraska. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. New Hampshire NH Statewide Assessment System: In 2017-2018, the state of New Hampshire administered the NH Statewide Assessment System (NH SAS) to students in grades 3-8 for English Language Arts and mathematics, and in grades 5, 8, and 11 in science. The NH SAS is a standards-based, computer adaptive test aligned to the NH Academic Standards. Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in New Hampshire took the Smarter Balanced Assessment. Educators from Smarter Balanced states worked together to develop high-quality assessments that provide more accurate and meaningful information about what students are learning. The Smarter Balanced assessments replace existing tests in English and mathematics for grades 3-8 and high school. Administered online, these new assessments adapt to each student’s ability, giving teachers and parents better information to help students succeed. New Jersey New Jersey Assessment of Skills and Knowledge: In 2016-2017 New Jersey used the New Jersey Assessment of Skills and Knowledge (NJ ASK) to test students in grades 4 and 8 in science. The NJ ASK is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of New Jersey. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): Statewide assessments have been used for decades in New Jersey and are designed to measure student progress toward achieving our academic standards. PARCC is a multi-state consortium that allows states, including New Jersey, to pool resources and expertise to develop a meaningful, comparable high-quality assessment – one that can be used to guide our efforts to continually improve our educational system by supporting teaching and learning, identifying struggling schools, informing teacher development, and providing parents with feedback on their own child’s strengths and challenges. In 2016-17, the PARCC exam was administered to students. New Jersey Biology Competency Test (NJBCT): In 2016-2017 New Jersey used the New Jersey Biology Competency Test (NJBCT) to assess students in Biology. The New Jersey Biology Competency Test (NJBCT) is standards-based, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined by the state of New Jersey. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level on the test. New Jersey High School Proficiency Assessment: In 2013-2014 New Jersey used the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA) to test students in grade 11 in language arts literacy and math. The HSPA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of New Jersey. Students are required to pass the HSPA in order to graduate. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. New Mexico The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): In 2016-2017, New Mexico used the PARCC assessment to test students in grades 3-12 in Math and grades 3-11 in Reading. New Mexico Standards Based Assessment (SBA): In 2016-2017, New Mexico used the New Mexico Standards-Based Assessment (NMSBA) to test students in grades 4, 7 and 11 in Science. Nevada Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, NV tested students in grades 3-8 using SBAC standards for math and reading subjects. High School Proficiency Examination (HSPE): In 2013-2014 Nevada used the High School Proficiency Examination (HSPE) to assess high school students in reading, writing, math and science. The HSPE is a high school graduation requirement. The HSPE is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Nevada. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Criterion Referenced Tests (CRT): In 2013-2014 Nevada used the Criterion Referenced Test (CRT) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math, and in grades 5 and 8 in science. The CRT is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Nevada. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. New York NY State Common Core Regents Exam: In 2016-2017, high school students in New York took the Regents Common Core in English, Algebra 1, Algebra II, and Geometry courses. This exam is aligned with Common Core standards. New York State Assessments: Beginning in the 2012-2013 school year, the New York State Department of Instruction implemented new assessments designed to be aligned with the Common Core State Standards. The new standards for proficiency in these subjects are higher than in previous years and the percent of students earning a proficient score is expected to be lower as a result of this change. In 2016-2017 New York used the New York State Assessments to test students in grades 3 through 8 in English language arts and math, and in grades 4 and 8 in Science. At present 2015-2016 results are available only for English language arts and math. The tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of New York. The goal is for 90% of students to meet or exceed grade-level standards on the tests. New York State Regents Exams: In 2016-2017, high school students had the option of taking course examinations in the old Regents assessment, which is being replaced by the Regents Common Core. Ohio Ohio State Test: In 2016-2017, students took state tests in math, English language arts, science and social studies to measure how well they are meeting the expectations of their grade levels. The tests match the content and skills that are taught in the classroom every day and measure real-world skills like critical thinking, problem solving and writing. Ohio Achievement Assessments (OAA): In 2014-2015 Ohio used the Ohio Achievement Assessment (OAA) to test students in grade 3 in reading. The OAA is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Ohio. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. Ohio Graduation Tests (OGT): In 2015-2016 Ohio used the Ohio Graduation Test (OGT) to test students in grade 11 in reading, writing, math, science and social studies. The OGT is a high school graduation requirement for public schools and chartered private schools. The OGT is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined by the state of Ohio. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. Ohio Next Generation Assessment: In 2014-2015, Ohio implemented the Next Generation Assessment for Science and Social Studies in grades 3-8. It replaced the Ohio Achievement Assessment (OAA). The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): The new Ohio’s State Tests in English language arts, mathematics, science and social studies were administered for the first time during the 2014-2015 academic year. The math and English language arts tests were produced by the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC), of which Ohio was a member until July 1, 2015. Future tests in these subjects will be Ohio-specific tests developed by Ohio educators with the American Institutes for Research (AIR). The science and social studies tests will continue to be Ohio-specific tests developed by Ohio educators in cooperation with AIR. Oklahoma Oklahoma Core Curriculum Tests (OCCT): In 2015-2016, Oklahoma used the Oklahoma Core Curriculum Tests (OCCT) to test students in grades 3 through 8 in reading and math, and grades 5 and 8 in science and social studies. The OCCT is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Oklahoma. The goal is for all students to score at or above the satisfactory level on the test. Oklahoma Core Curriculum Tests (OCCT) End-of-Instruction: In 2015-2016 Oklahoma used the Oklahoma Core Curriculum Tests End-of-Instruction (OCCT EOI) exams to test students in high school in several subjects. The OCCT EOI is a high school graduation requirement. The OCCT EOI exams are standards-based tests, which means they measure specific skills defined for each subject by the state of Oklahoma. The goal is for all students to score at or above the satisfactory level on the test. Oklahoma School Testing Program: In 2016-17, the Oklahoma State Department of Education administered assessments through the Oklahoma School Testing Program (OSTP) to provide evidence of student proficiency of grade-level standards to inform progress toward career- and college-readiness (CCR) and support student and school accountability. State assessment scores provide a reliable measure that can be compared across schools and districts by serving as a point-in-time snapshot of what students know and can do relative to the Oklahoma Academic Standards. The OSTP was administered to students in English Language Arts and Mathematics in grades 3-8, and grade 10. The test was also administered to students in Science in grades 5, 8, and 10, and in US History in grade 10. Oregon Smarter Balanced Assessment: Oregon now has K-12 learning standards aligned with the expectations of colleges and employers. These standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills they need at each step along their educational journey so they can graduate high school prepared for future success. These tests move beyond the rote memorization and fill in the bubble format of past multiple choice tests. Students were asked to write, reason, think critically, and solve multi-step problems that better reflect classroom learning and the real world. Students who receive a 3 or 4 on the test (on a 4-point scale) are considered on track to graduate high school college- and career-ready. Those who receive a 1 or a 2 will receive additional support to help them reach this new higher standard. Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS): In 2016-2017 Oregon used the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS) to test students in grades 5, 8 and 11 in science. The OAKS is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Oregon. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania System of School Assessment: In 2015-2016, Pennsylvania used the Pennsylvania System of State Assessments (PSSA) to test students in grades 3 through 8 math and english language arts, and in grades 4 and 8 in science. The PSSA is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Pennsylvania. The goal is for all students to score at or above proficient on the test. The Pennsylvania Keystone Exams: In 2015-2016, Pennsylvania used the Keystone Exams to assess high school students in Algebra I, English, and Biology. The Keystone Exams are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Pennsylvania. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level on the tests. Rhode Island The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC): The 2016-17 results of the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) assessments provide a first look at whether students are meeting the expectations of the new learning standards in literacy and mathematics. The PARCC exam is administered in grades 3 through 9 for English Language Arts, grades 3 through 8 for Math, and to students who took Algebra I, Algebra II and Geometry. These standards are designed to prepare students for success in their next grade level, in postsecondary learning, and in career opportunities. New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP): In 2016-17 Rhode Island used the New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP) to test students in grades 4, 8 and 11 in science. The NECAP is a standards-based test, which means it measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Rhode Island. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. South Carolina South Carolina Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (PASS): In 2017-2018, students took The South Carolina Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (SCPASS). SCPASS is a statewide assessment administered to students in science in the 4th, 6th and 8th grade and in social studies in the 5th and 7th grade. All students in these grade levels are required to take the SCPASS except those who qualify for the South Carolina Alternate Assessment (SC-Alt). SCPASS includes tests in two subjects: science and social studies. End-of-Course Examination Program (EOCEP) Tests: In 2017-2018 South Carolina used the End-of-Course Examination Program (EOCEP) to test middle and high school students in Algebra I, Biology I, English I, and US History & the Constitution. The EOCEP provides tests for high school core courses and for courses taken in middle school for high school credit. The EOCEP is a standards-based test program, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of South Carolina. The goal is for all students to score a D or above. College and Career Ready Assessments (READY): In 2017-2018, students took the South Carolina College- and Career-Ready Assessments (SC READY). The SC Ready is a statewide assessment that includes tests in English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics administered to students in grades 3-8. All students in grades 3-8 are required to participate in the SC READY, except those who qualify for the South Carolina National Center and State Collaborative (SC-NCSC) alternate assessment. The initial administration of the SC READY was in spring 2016, and the SC READY test results will be used for state and federal accountability purposes. SC ACT Aspire: ACT Aspire English language arts (writing, English, reading) and mathematics tests were administered statewide to students in grades 3-8 in Spring 2015. South Dakota Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2015-2016, students in South Dakota took the SBAC assessment in ELA and Math for grades 3-8 and 11. Dakota State Test of Educational Progress (Dakota STEP): In 2015-2016 South Dakota used the Dakota State Test of Educational Progress (Dakota STEP) to test students in grades 5, 8, and 11 in Science. The Dakota STEP is standards-based, which means it is aligned to South Dakota’s educational standards and measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state. The standards-based Dakota STEP results are displayed on GreatSchools profiles. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Tennessee Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP): In 2016-2017 Tennessee used the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) Achievement Test to test students in grades 3 through 8 in reading/language arts, math, science and social studies. The TCAP is a standards-based test that measures specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Tennessee. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Gateway/End-of-Course (EOC): In 2016-2017 Tennessee used the Gateway/End-of-Course (EOC) exams to test high school students in language arts, math, science, and social studies upon completion of relevant courses. Students must pass the algebra I, English II, and biology I tests, called the Gateway exams, in order to graduate. The Gateway/EOC exams are standards-based tests that measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined by the state of Tennessee. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Texas State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR): In 2016-2017, the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) was used to test students in reading and math in grades 3 through 8; in writing in grades 4 and 7; in science in grades 5 and 8; in social studies in grade 8; and end-of-course assessments for English I and II, Algebra I and II, biology and US History. STAAR is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Texas. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Utah Student Assessment of Growth and Excellence (SAGE): In 2017-2018, students in UT took the SAGE assessment.SAGE is a system of assessments designed to measure student success and growth over the years. SAGE tests are based on the Utah Core Standards, a set of academic standards that raise our expectations for students and teachers. Virginia Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) End-of-Course: In 2016-2017 Virginia used the Standards of Learning (SOL) End-of-Course tests to assess students in reading, writing, math, science and history/social science subjects at the end of each course, regardless of the student’s grade level. The SOL End-of-Course tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Virginia. High school students must pass at least six SOL End-of-Course tests to graduate. The goal is for all students to pass the tests. Virginia Standards of Learning: In 2016-2017 Virginia used the Standards of Learning (SOL) tests to assess students in reading and math in grades 3 through 8, writing in grades 5 and 8, and science in grades 3, 5 and 8. The SOL tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Virginia. The goal is for all students to pass the tests. Vermont Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, students in Vermont took The Smarter Balanced assessment, which replaced Vermont’s previous assessment, the NECAP, in 2016. The new assessment of English Language Arts and Mathematics asks students to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and skills in areas such as critical thinking, analytical writing, and problem solving. The Smarter Balanced assessment is aligned with the Common Core State Standards, uses state of the art computer adaptive testing and accessibility technologies, and provides a continuum of summative, interim and formative tools that can be used for a variety of educational purposes. New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP): In 2016-2017, students in Vermont took the science assessment, which is part of the New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP). It is designed to measure students’ scientific literacy and inquiry. The NECAP science assessment, which combines scores from multiple choice and short answer questions with results from an inquiry task that requires students to analyze and interpret findings from an actual science experiment. Washington Washington Measurements of Student Progress (MSP): In 2016-2017, Washington used the Measurements of Student Progress (MSP) to test students science in grades 5 and 8. The MSP is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Washington. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Washington End-of-Course (EOC) Exams: In 2016-2017, the EOC currently tests Biology and are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Washington. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Smarter Balanced Assessment: In 2016-2017, WA tested students in English and Math with the Smarter Balanced Assessment. Smarter Balanced tests align to the new K-12 learning standards in English language arts and math (Common Core), which are more difficult than previous standards. Washington High School Proficiency Exam (HSPE): In 2013-2014 Washington used the High School Proficiency Exam (HSPE) to test students in reading and writing in grade 10. Math skills are tested by the End-of-Course (EOC) exams. The HSPE is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Washington. The goal is for all students to score at or above the state standard. Wisconsin Badger Exam: The Badger Assessment is a statewide Wisconsin Student Assessment System (WSAS) standardized exam. The exam was given to students in grades 3 through 8 and measured student achievement in two subject areas: English language arts (ELA) and mathematics. Forward: In 2017-18 Wisconsin administered the Wisconsin Forward Exam. The Exam is designed to gauge how well students are doing in relation to the Wisconsin Academic Standards. These standards outline what students should know and be able to do in order to be college and career ready. The Forward Exam is administered online in the spring of each school year at grades 3-8 in English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics, in grades 4 and 8 in Science, and in grades 4, 8, and 10 in Social Studies. Wisconsin Student Assessment System (WSAS): In 2014-2015 Wisconsin used the Wisconsin Student Assessment System (WSAS), which includes the WKCE and WAA, to test students in grades 4, 8 and 10 science and social studies. The WSAS is a standards-based test, which means it measures how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Wisconsin. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. In private schools, only voucher program participants are tested. West Virginia West Virginia General Summative Assessment: In 2018-2019, students in West Virginia took the General Summative Assessment. The West Virginia General Summative Assessment was administered to students in Grades 3-8 in reading and mathematics, and grades 5 and 8 in science. Wyoming Wyoming Test of Proficiency and Progress: In 2018-19, Wyoming administered the Wyoming Test of Proficiency and Progress (WY-TOPP).The WY-TOPP is a system of online assessments that are given to students in grades 3-10 in English language arts and mathematics, and given to students in grades 4, 8, and 10 in science. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level. Proficiency Assessments for Wyoming Students (PAWS): In the 2016-2017 school year, Wyoming administered the Proficiency Assessments for Wyoming Students (PAWS). Students in grades 3 through 8, and 11 were tested in reading and math. Students in grades 4, 8, and 11 also took the science portion of the PAWS test. PAWS tests are standards-based, which means they measure how well students are mastering specific skills defined for each grade by the state of Wyoming. The goal is for all students to score at or above the proficient level.GreatSchools district-level data is not available for download from PolicyMap.
GreatSchools School Points
Topics: |
Public and Private Primary and Secondary Schools, selected test scores by school, school ratings |
Source: |
GreatSchools |
Years Available: |
varied, 2012 to 2018 |
Geographies: |
point |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.greatschools.net |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
October 2019 |
Description:
GreatSchools is a national, independent nonprofit organization providing elementary, middle and high school information for public, private, and charter schools nationwide. PolicyMap licenses GreatSchools school directory, school ratings, and test score information for incorporation in PolicyMap. Schools whose coordinates fall outside the county in which they’re listed are not displayed on the map. The GreatSchools Overall School Rating is a measure of overall school performance by state. The GreatSchools rating system is based on a score ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 having the highest performance. GreatSchools Summary Ratings are based on test scores, student or academic progress, college readiness, equity, advanced courses, and discipline and attendance disparities. In states where not all information is available, a rating based on test scores is given. GreatSchools ratings are designed to be a starting point to help parents compare schools, and should not be the only factor used in school selection. More information about GreatSchools Ratings can be found here. School ratings should not be compared across states, as they are relative to the state in which the school operates. For information about tests administered in each state, please see the Data Directory entry for GreatSchools School District Performance.GreatSchools School Points data is downloadable only for individual Census Tracts and Block Groups.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA)/National Weather Service
Details: |
Average UV Index |
Topics: |
UV Index |
Source: |
NOAA and National Weather Service |
Years Available: |
2008-2016 |
Geographies: |
place |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/uv_annual.shtml/ |
Description:
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) and the National Weather Service provide Annual Time Series UV Index data through their Climate Prediction Center. The average UV Index is an average of every UV Index issued within the year by the NOAA/National Weather Service for selected cities. When issuing the UV Index, the NOAA uses the World Health Organization’s Exposure Categories of 0-2 as being low, 3-5 as moderate, 6-7 as high, 8-10 as very high, and 11 or more as extreme.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Weather Conditions
Details: |
Monthly maximum/minimum temperatures, heat and wind chill indices, annual inches of snow, annual inches of rainfall, annual sunny days |
Topics: |
Maximum/minimum temperatures, comfort index, weather |
Source: |
NOAA |
Years Available: |
As of 1990 |
Geographies: |
county, place, zip code, metro area, state |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl |
Description:
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) provides data on temperatures for each day of each month. The average maximum and minimum temperatures for each month are calculated by PolicyMap by taking the mean of the range provided by the NOAA and calculating a weighted average based on geographic area. The indices commonly known as the “Comfort Index” include a Heat Index (HI) and a Wind Chill Temperature, both of which are calculated in degrees Fahrenheit. The HI is a measure of how hot it feels in July at the middle of the day when relative humidity is added to the temperature. The HI is derived from a calculation provided by the National Weather Service. Temperature and relative humidity data are provided by the NOAA. Wind chill is a measure of how cold it feels at the middle of the day when wind speed is added to the temperature. Wind chill is derived from a calculation provided by the National Weather Service. Temperature and wind speed data are provided by the NOAA. Wind chill temperature cannot be calculated for areas with temperatures of 50 degrees Fahrenheit or higher or for wind speeds less than 3 miles per hour. The NOAA provides data on precipitation and sun for each day of each month. The average annual rainfall days, the average annual snowfall days and the average annual sunny days are estimated by PolicyMap by taking the mean of the range provided for each type of day provided by the NOAA and calculating a weighted average based on geographic area.Each of these indicators is available for the continental United States and for selected parts of Alaska and Hawaii. They are not available for Puerto Rico.
OpenFlights.org and PolicyMap
Details: |
areas likely to fall within the path of flights as they take off and land at nearby airports |
Topics: |
flight paths |
Source: |
Open Flights |
Years Available: |
2012 |
Geographies: |
Zip code, neighborhood |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.openflights.org/data |
Description:
OpenFlights.org collects information on airport locations and airline routes. PolicyMap downloaded this information, and used spatial analysis to simulate flights in order to estimate which neighborhoods and zip codes likely fall into the path of airplanes taking off and landing at nearby airports. This data is used to indicate the possible presence of noise pollution from airplanes flying over neighborhoods.
Reinvestment Fund 2023 Limited Supermarket Access (LSA) Analysis
Details: |
Reinvestment Fund Limited Supermarket Access (LSA) Analysis |
Topics: |
Food access, food security |
Source: |
Reinvestment Fund |
Years Available: |
2013, 2017, 2022 |
Geographies: |
Block group |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Public Edition |
Download Available: |
Yes |
For more information: |
Description:
Reinvestment Fund’s Limited Supermarket Access (LSA) analysis is a tool to identify areas across the 50 United States and the District of Columbia that have both inadequate and inequitable access to healthy food and sufficient market demand for new or expanded food retail operations. Using the LSA data on PolicyMap, a diverse range of clients—including policymakers, government agencies, lending institutions, community organizations, and researchers—can investigate LSA Areas within their geographies of interest and craft strategies based on the conditions specific to those communities.Identifying LSA Areas
The LSA analysis measures access to healthy food by identifying areas that are well-served by supermarkets and those that have relatively limited access to supermarkets. Reinvestment Fund uses supermarkets (grocery stores with at least $2 million in annual sales) as a proxy for healthy food access because a review of the relevant research shows that supermarkets, compared to smaller stores (e.g., corner stores), most consistently offer the greatest variety of healthy foods at the lowest prices. Supermarket location data comes from the 2022 Nielsen TDLinx database. Supermarkets include the following store types from that database: supermarkets, supercenters, limited assortment stores, and natural food stores. Superettes and dollar stores are excluded because they are less likely to offer a wide range of healthy foods. Wholesale clubs are excluded because they require a paid membership. Military commissaries are excluded because they are not open to the public. Other data sources include the 2010 and 2020 Decennial Census and the American Community Survey for population, residential land area, households, household incomes, and car ownership rates.Access means different things in different places. In densely-populated urban areas, supermarkets tend to be located more closely together, and a neighborhood may have relatively limited access if its nearest store is a mile or two away. In rural areas, many if not most communities are miles from the nearest supermarket. To account for this variation, Reinvestment Fund assigns every census block group in the nation to one of eleven classes based on that block group’s population density and, for densely populated block groups, car ownership.
Within each class, Reinvestment Fund calculates the typical distance traveled to the nearest supermarket by residents of well-served block groups, i.e., block groups with a median household income at or above 120 percent of area median income (AMI). This reference distance is used under the assumption that in a functioning free market, there will generally exist an adequate complement of amenities like supermarkets in areas where incomes are above average. The population density and car ownership classes, their minimum and maximum population densities, their minimum and maximum percent of households without motor vehicles, and their reference distances are presented in Table 1 below.
Each block group is then assigned a Low Access Score, which represents the percentage by which that block group’s distance to the nearest supermarket would have to be reduced to equal the typical distance for well-served block groups in that class. Block groups with access scores greater than or equal to 45 are considered limited-access. In those limited-access areas, residents must travel almost twice as far to a supermarket as residents in well-served block groups with similar population density and car ownership. Finally, contiguous limited-access block groups with a collective population of at least 5,000 people are combined to form LSA Areas—areas with both limited access to supermarkets and potentially enough market demand to support new or expanded supermarket operations.
Details for Block Group-Level Indicators
LSA Designation
Limited Supermarket Areas (LSA Areas) are block groups that when combined have at least 5,000 residents who need to travel almost twice as far for a full-service supermarket relative to residents in block groups with similar population density, and above average incomes. LSA areas are places that may be well suited to traditional brick and mortar food retail.
Limited-Access/Low-Population Areas are single block groups with between 1,000 and 5,000 residents who need to travel almost twice as far as residents living in block groups with similar population density and above average incomes. Limited-Access/Low Population Areas have fewer residents than LSA areas and tend to be located in denser parts of the country. Food access interventions in these areas would need to be tailored to the local market and cultural context, but could potentially support expanded food retail opportunities, smaller format stores, or other approaches to augment the local food system.
Limited-Access/Low-Density Areas are block groups with at least 1,000 residents who need to travel almost twice as far as residents living in block groups with similar population density and above average incomes, and that are in the most remote parts of the country. Given the low population and population density of these places, innovative interventions like mobile markets or alternative ownership models may be more financially viable than traditional large format, full-service markets.
Low Access Score
The percent by which a block group’s distance to the nearest supermarket must be reduced to equal the reference distance for that block group’s population density and car ownership class. Low Access Scores indicate the degree to which residents are underserved by supermarkets. Residents of a block group with a higher Low Access Score must travel longer distances to access a supermarket than residents of block groups with lower Low Access Scores. Low Access Scores on PolicyMap range from 0 to 100; block groups with a Low Access Score of 0 have a distance to the nearest supermarket that is less than or equal their population density and car ownership class’s reference distance.
Population Density and Car Ownership Class
The class to which a block group is assigned based on its population density and its percent of households with no motor vehicle. Population density is calculated as people per square mile of populated land area. Water area and land area with no population is excluded. Population data is from the 2010 and 2020 Decennial Census or the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2011-2015). Land area is from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 TIGER/Line Shapefiles. Percent of households with no motor vehicle for all years 2010 through 2020 is from the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.
Reinvestment Fund Market Value Analyses (MVAs)
Detail: |
Reinvestment Fund real estate market evaluation and valuation for Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington DC, Milwaukee, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Houston, Dallas and areas of the state of New Jersey |
Topics: |
market value analyses, real estate |
Source: |
Reinvestment Fund |
Years Available: |
various |
Geographies: |
blockgroups in selected markets |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Public Edition |
Download Available: |
yes |
For more information: |
https://www.reinvestment.com/initiatives/market-value-analysis/ |
Description:
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analyses (MVAs) are typologies of local real estate markets, designed to help governments and private investors target investment and prioritize action in ways that can leverage investment and revitalize neighborhoods. To develop this analysis, Reinvestment Fund uses a statistical technique known as cluster analysis that helps to uncover patterns in data. Cluster analysis does this by forming groups of areas that are similar along a set of selected values that describe those areas. While the groups are formed to be as uniform as possible within, the groups are also as dissimilar as possible from one another. Using this technique, the MVA is able to reduce vast amounts of data on hundreds of thousands of properties and hundreds of areas down to a manageable, meaningful typology of market types that can inform area-appropriate programs and decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Reinvestment Fund uses many indicators in its analyses including various combinations of the following: average home sale price, percent change in average home sale price over time, percent owner occupancy, percent vacancy, percent vacant lots, percent of rental units that are Section 8, percent commercial, percent of properties with foreclosure, percent prime home purchase loans, number of new construction permits, number of Sheriff sales as a percent of owner occupied units, number of public housing units, percent of properties deemed dangerous, percent of structures demolished, percent of high risk or very high risk credit scores for predatory lending, and percent of housing units built before 1950.Working with the MVA client, Reinvestment Fund forms geographic study areas for the cluster analysis. Although many of these study areas are displayed using similar color schemes, they can not be compared. Please consult the description relevant to the study area for a full description of each MVA.
FLORIDA
Jacksonville, FL (2018)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2018, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Jacksonville. The MVA indicators in Duval County are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price: Duval County Property Appraiser’s file of all recorded sales between 1/1/2016 through 12/31/2017 for residential sales of $1,000 or more.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the Duval County Property Appraiser’s file of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: Foreclosure filings (Duval County Clerk of Court) were added to a Duval County file of bank-owned, registered vacant properties in 2018. This figure is then divided by the number of sales in 2016-2017 (from County Assessor’s file).
- Percent Water Shut-off: JEA file of properties where water service has been shut off divided by the total number of residential properties. This is an indicator of vacancy.
- Percent >$5K Rehab: Duval County records of all building permits issued between 1/1/2016 through 12/31/2017 for new construction and substantial rehabilitation (estimated value greater than $5,000) of properties divided by the total number of residential parcels.
- Percent Homestead Exempt: Duval County Parcel File, total number of residential properties claiming a Homestead Exemption divided by the number of residential parcels.
- Percent Publicly Subsidized Rental: Represents Duval County and City of Jacksonville Housing Authority owned developments, and HUD-assisted rental housing developments including Housing Choice Vouchers (aggregated to the Census Block Group by the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida), divided by the number of renter-occupied housing units (ACS 2016).
- Percent Residential Area: Duval County Property Appraiser’s File. This figure represents residential land divided by all developable land area.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume (foreclosure rate), high owner occupancy rate, highest level of permit activity, lowest rate of water shut-offs.
- Market Type B: High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume but about twice the rate as Market A, highest percent owner occupied, lowest coefficient of variance of sales price.High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume but about twice the rate as Market A, highest percent owner occupied, lowest coefficient of variance of sales price.
- Market Type C: Relatively high home prices, lowest percentage of residential land area, second highest rate of permit activity.
- Market Type D: Home prices close to the citywide average, low sales price variance, foreclosures as a percentage of sales a bit higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type E: Second lowest percentage of properties with homestead exemptions, second highest percentage of publicly subsidized rentals, foreclosures as a percent of sales higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type F: Home prices slightly more than half the citywide average, about average foreclosures as a percent of sales, fewer Homestead Exemptions than average, and utility shut-offs slightly below the citywide average.
- Market Type G: Third lowest homeownership rate, higher than average percent of publicly subsidized rentals, home prices roughly a third of the citywide average, high number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, percent water shut-offs that are higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type H: Second lowest home sale prices, highest coefficient of variance of sales, lowest owner occupancy rate, highest percent of publicly subsidized rental, highest percent water shut-offs.
- Market Type I: Lowest home sale prices, second lowest owner occupancy rate, second highest coefficient of variance of sales, second highest percent water shut-offs.
- Nonresidential Mask: All nonresidential parcels>50,000sf in the Duval County Property Appraiser’s file were merged to create a non-residential mask for the county.
- Insufficient Data: All block groups that had fewer than 5 sales in 2016-2017; these block groups tend to be either entirely rental housing or non-residential uses.
Jacksonville, FL (2015)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Jacksonville are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median and Average Sales Price: Duval County Property Appraiser’s file of all recorded sales between 1/1/2013 through 12/31/2014 for residential sales of $1,000 or more. Only the Median Sale Price was used in the MVA model.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the Duval County Property Appraiser’s file of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: Florida is a non-judicial foreclosure state; foreclosures had to be estimated by using Duval County Property Appraiser’s Office sales data to note properties that were sold to banks, along with a Duval County file of bank-owned, registered vacant properties 2013 through 2014. This figure, a rough estimate of foreclosure filings, is then divided by the number of sales in 2013-2014 (from City Assessor’s file).
- Percent Water Shut-off: Duval County Water Department file of properties where water service has been shut off divided by the total number of residential properties. This is an indicator of vacancy.
- Percent >$5K Rehab: Duval County records of all building permits issued between 1/1/2013 through 12/31/2014 for new construction and substantial rehabilitation (estimated value greater than $5,000) of properties divided by the total number of residential housing units (ACS 2013).
- Percent Homestead Exempt: Duval County Parcel File, total number of residential properties claiming a Homestead Exemption divided by the number of residential Housing Units according to ACS 2013. This represents the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Percent Publicly Subsidized Rental: Represents Duval County and City of Jacksonville Housing Authority owned developments, and HUD-assisted rental housing developments including Housing Choice Vouchers (aggregated to the Census Block Group by the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida), divided by the number of renter-occupied housing units from the City Parcel File.
- Percent Residential Area: Duval County Property Appraiser’s File. This figure represents residential land divided by all developable land area.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume (foreclosure rate), highest owner occupancy rate, highest level of permit activity, lowest rate of water shut-offs, second highest percentage of sales that are condominiums.
- Market Type B: High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume but over twice the rate as Market A, second highest percent owner occupied, second lowest coefficient of variance of sales price, very low percentage of condominium sales.
- Market Type C: Relatively high home prices, notably higher rates of utility shut offs compared to A and B markets, lowest percentage of residential land area, third highest percentage of condo sales.
- Market Type D: Home prices close to the citywide average, lowest sales price variance, foreclosures as a percentage of sales a bit higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type E: Largely a condominium market, highest percentage of condo sales by a large margin, lowest percentage of properties with homestead exemptions, percentage of publicly subsidized rental approximately twice the rate as D and F1 markets, foreclosures as a percent of sales matches the citywide average.
- Market Type F1: home prices slightly less than half the citywide average, higher foreclosures as a percent of sales than the citywide average, Homestead Exemptions near the citywide average, utility shut-offs at twice the rate of markets A-E.
- Market Type F2: Second lowest homeownership rate, highest percent of publicly subsidized rental by nearly three times the rate as the next highest market (H), home prices roughly half the citywide average, high number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, highest percentage of sales that are multi-unit, percent water shut-offs that are close to the citywide average but twice the rate of markets A-E.
- Market Type G: Second lowest home sale prices, sales prices roughly half that of the F markets, second highest coefficient of variance of sales, third highest percent of publicly subsidized rental, percent water shut-offs that are higher than the citywide average, second lowest percentage of condominium sales.
- Market Type H: Lowest home sale prices, sales prices roughly half that of the G markets, highest vacancy rate, second lowest owner occupancy rate, highest coefficient of variance of sales, highest percent water shut-offs, water shut offs are over three times the rate of the next highest market (H), no condo sales recorded
- Nonresidential Mask: All nonresidential parcels>50,000sf in the Duval County Property Appraiser’s file were merged to create a non-residential mask for the county.
- Insufficient Data: All block groups that had fewer than 5 sales in 2013-2014; these block groups tend to be either entirely rental housing or non-residential uses.
MARYLAND
Baltimore, MD (2017)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2017, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Baltimore. The MVA indicators are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price: Median sales price of sales transactions that occurred between 2015q3 and 2017Q2. Median is calculated with and without condominium sales; the higher of the two values is used. Data from City of Baltimore.
- Sales Price Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the City of Baltimore’s file of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Vacant Buildings and Vacant Lots: Percent of Residential Land Area that is either vacant Residential Land or occupied by Residential Properties that have been cited as vacant at any point in time from City records where the citation has not been “Closed” or “Abated”. Data from City of Baltimore.
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: Mortgage foreclosure filings between 2015q3 and 2017q2, as a share of residential sales for the same period. Data from the City of Baltimore.
- Building Permits: Properties with building permits totaling $10,000 or more between 2015q3 and 2017q2. As a share of total residential parcels. Data from City of Baltimore.
- Residential Density: Residential housing units per residential land acre. This includes vacant and unoccupied residential properties. Data from City of Baltimore.
- Owner Occupancy: Percent of occupied housing units reported as owner occupied. Data from 2012-2016 Census American Community Survey (ACS).
- Subsidized Housing: Number of rental units with subsidies as a share of all housing units (HUD MF, LIHTC, HCV, HABC, Elderly, 202). Data from City of Baltimore and HUD.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed ten market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: The typical home sales price in “A” markets is approximately 5 times the City median of $75,000. These markets have the second highest average percentage of properties (5.0%) that have over $10,000 in building permits during 2015q3-2017q2. Households in these “A” markets tend to be moderately owner occupied. “A” markets also have the lowest level of foreclosure filings as a percent of sales (7.7% of sales) in the city. On average, there are few publicly subsidized rental housing options in these markets (2.9% of all rental units). “A” markets are the least dense housing market with an average only 8.2 housing units per residential acre.
- Market Type B: At nearly $223,970, the “B” markets’ typical home sales price is just under two times the city median. Permitting activity (4.8%) is less than that in “A” markets, and is much higher than the city average. Differing from “A” markets, these “B” markets are slightly less owner occupied (55.9%). Of the rental households, an average of 2.4% per block group are receiving public subsidy. “B” markets typically have higher vacancy (1.0%) than “A” markets but far are below the city average (6.8%).
- Market Type C: Baltimore city’s “C” markets have home sale prices ($191,953) above the city average. Permitting activity (5.2%) is the highest in the city. “C” markets are minimally owner occupied (21.2%); of the large number of rental properties, a majority (57.7%) are publicly subsidized. With an average vacancy rate of 5.8%, “C” markets rank in the middle of the market types.
- Market Type D: The typical home sale prices in “D” markets ($102,989) is closest to the city average. Permitting activity in “D” markets (3.5%) is also just over the city average. “D” markets have the highest average homeownership rate (78.1%) and the third lowest density (10.0 units per acre) of all markets. “D” markets have the third lowest average vacancy in the city (1.4%), and comprise over 8,207 rental households, with an average of 3.7% receiving some form of subsidy.
- Market Type E: “E” markets block groups typical home sales price is approximately $89,397, roughly 20% below the city average. The market is moderately (32.2%) owner occupied, third lowest in the city. Permitting activity in “E” markets (3.6%) is slightly above the city average. The vacancy rate in “E” markets (3.8%) is the fourth lowest in the city.
- Market Type F: The typical home sales price in “F” markets is approximately $52,015, less than half of the city average, and foreclosure filings represent 30.3% of all sales. Permitting activity in “F” markets (2.6%) is the fifth lowest rate in the city. These markets are nearly evenly split between owners (55.8%) and renters. Of the renter households, an average of 11.9% per block group are receiving public subsidy; the fourth lowest level in the city.
- Market Type G: At $34,827, typical home sales prices in these “G” markets are almost two-thirds below the city average. In a typical block group, nearly 24.5% of all sales are by banks. An average of 20.1% of households own their home, the lowest average of all markets. Of the renter occupied households, on average 77.8% of them are subsidized, the highest average of all markets. At 9.1%, “G” markets have the third highest vacancy rate of all market types. Permitting activity in “G” markets (2.5%) is below the city average.
- Market Type H: The typical home sales price in “H” markets is $31,332, just below two-thirds the city average. On average, foreclosure filings represent 25.6% of all sales in “H” block groups. Permitting activity in “H” markets (1.9%) is the third lowest of all market types. “H” markets typically have 51.4% homeowners and 48.6% renters; on average 13.0% of renter households receive public rental subsidy, the fifth lowest percentage among market types. The average vacancy rates in “H” markets (7.0%) are close to the average of the city.
- Market Type I: The typical home sales price in these “I” markets is $16,508, approximately 30% of the Richmond city average. Permitting activity in “I” markets is the second lowest in the city at 1.1%. “I” markets typically have 42.5% homeowners and of the 57.5% that are renters, 18.3% of those households are receiving some form of subsidy.
- Market Type J: “J” markets have the highest level of vacancy; approximately 1/5th of all residential land is either vacant buildings or vacant land. The typical home sales price in “J” markets is approximately $9,249, less than twelve times the city average, and foreclosure filings represent 15.8% of all sales. Permitting activity in “J” markets (0.7%) is the lowest rate in the city. This market has one-third of the population represented as owners (33.4%). Of the renter households, an average of 21.6% per block group are receiving public subsidy; the third highest level in the city.
Baltimore, MD (2014)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2014, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Baltimore. Indicators are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price: City of Baltimore parcel dataset file of recorded sales between 2012 and 2014Q2 for residential sales of $1,000 or more. The median residential home sales price between, values under $1,000 were filtered out as non-arm’s length transactions. Residential sales were identified by usegroup in (‘R’,’M’,’U’) which is the “residential”, “apartment”, or “condo” designation, respectively.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset file of recorded sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Residential Parcels: Maryland is a non-judicial foreclosure state. Foreclosures from the City of Baltimore dataset, 2012-2014Q2, were divided by the count of residential parcels (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset).
- Vacant Housing Parcels as a Percent of Residential Parcels:The count of vacant housing parcels, provided from the City of Baltimore as of September 2014, were divided by the count of residential parcels (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset).
- Percent of Housing Units that are Owner Occupied: The count of housing units that are owner occupied, 2014, divided by the count of all occupied housing units (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset).
- Building permits as a Percent of Residential Parcels: The count of parcels whose sum of building permits exceeds $10,000, 2012-2014Q2, divided by the count of total residential parcels (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset). Permits during the time period are tagged to each parcel and then aggregated. Parcels which have a combined permit value greater than $10,000 are then included in this count.
- Commercial/Industrial land area as a Percent of Total Land Area: Commercial and industrial land area is calculated from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset, 2014.
- Vacant Residential Lots as a Percent of Residential Parcels: Count of residential parcels that are vacant land, November 2014, divided by the count of residential parcels (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset). Areas with steep slope and with edges along the city boundary were removed.
- Percent Publicly Subsidized Rental: Count of Section 8 housing vouchers (from the City of Baltimore Housing office), divided by the count of renter occupied housing units (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset).
- Housing Units per Square Mile: The count of housing units in 2014 (from the City of Baltimore parcel dataset) divided by the land area in square miles.
The City of Baltimore uses Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis to create a Housing Market Typology, used by the Department of Housing, Housing Code Enforcement Division, and other stakeholders to strategically allocate public resources in alignment with neighborhood housing market conditions. The Housing Market Typology typically includes five categories, which correspond to eight distinct market types identified by Reinvestment Fund:
- Regional Choice – Type A: Block groups designated Regional Choice represent competitive housing markets with higher home prices and lower numbers of foreclosure filings relative to residential parcels (foreclosure rate). They have among the highest owner occupancy rate, highest level of permit activity, and lowest rate of vacant housing units.
- Middle Market Choice – Types B and C:
- Market Type C: : Block groups in the Middle Market Choice category have home prices above the city average. Type B has the second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, but twice the rate as Market A, as well as the second lowest coefficient of variance of sales price, second highest level of permit activity, highest density of housing units per square mile. Type C has lower rates of vacant housing units, higher rates of foreclosures (twice that of Market B), the highest owner occupancy rates, and lowest rates of vacant residential lots.
- Middle Market – Type D: Block groups in the Middle Market category have home prices close to the citywide average. These markets are defined by higher rates of foreclosures, below average rates of vacant housing and vacant lots, and permit activity close to the citywide average.
- Middle Market Stress – Types E and F: Block groups in Middle Market Stressed category have home prices less than half the citywide average. Type E is characterized by a percentage of publicly subsidized rental approximately twice the rate as D markets, the highest rate of foreclosures on average in the city, and lower levels of permit activity. Type F has higher foreclosure rates than the citywide average, below average vacant housing units. Type F has the second highest rates of vacant residential lots and the highest percent commercial/industrial land.
- Distressed – Types G and H Block groups in the Distressed Market category have experienced significant deterioration of the housing stock. Home prices in these markets are well below citywide average. Type G has an average number of foreclosures as a percent of parcels, the second highest level of vacant housing units, and the second lowest homeownership rate. Type H has the lowest rates of owner occupancy, highest rates of vacant housing and vacant lots, and lowest rates of permitting.
- Not Classified: All block groups that had fewer than 5 sales in 2012-2014Q2; these block groups tend to be either entirely rental housing or non-residential uses.
Baltimore, MD (2011)
In 2011, Reinvestment Fund updated the Baltimore Market Value Analysis for the City of Baltimore.
The City of Baltimore used Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis to create a Housing Market Typology, used by the Department of Housing, Housing Code Enforcement Division, and other stakeholders to strategically allocate public resources in alignment with neighborhood housing market conditions. The Housing Market Typology includes five categories, which correspond to eight distinct market types identified by Reinvestment Fund: Regional Choice (A and B), Middle Market Choice (C), Middle Market (D), Middle Market Stressed (E), and Distressed (F, G, and H).
- Regional Choice – Types A and B: Block groups designated Regional Choice represent competitive housing markets with high owner-occupancy rates and property values in comparison to all other market types. Foreclosure, vacancy and abandonment rates are low. Substantial market interventions are not necessary in the Regional Choice category. Basic municipal services such as street maintenance are essential to maintaining these markets.
- Middle Market Choice – Type C: Block groups in the Middle Market Choice category have housing prices above the city’s average with strong ownership rates, and low vacancies. However, these areas show slightly increased foreclosure rates. Modest incentives and strong neighborhood marketing should be used to keep these communities healthy, with the potential for growth.
- Middle Market – Type D: Block groups in the Middle Market category have median sale values of $91,000 (above the City’s average of $65,000) as well as high homeownership rates. These markets experienced higher foreclosure rates when compared to more competitive markets, with slight population loss. Neighborhood stabilization and aggressive marketing of vacant houses should be considered in this category. Diligent housing code enforcement is also essential to maintain the existing housing stock.
- Middle Market Stressed – Type E: Block groups in the Middle Market Stressed category have slightly lower home sale values than the City’s average, and have not shown significant sale price appreciation. Vacancies and foreclosure rates are high, and the rate of population loss has increased in this market type, according to the 2010 Census data. Based on these market conditions, intervention strategies should support homeowners who may be facing economic hardships due to adverse changes in the national economy.
- Distressed – Types F, G, and H: Block groups in the Distressed Market category have experienced significant deterioration of the housing stock. This market category contains the highest vacancy rates and the lowest homeownership rates, compared to the other market types. Block groups in this category have also experienced the most substantial population losses in the City during the past decade. Comprehensive housing market inventions should be targeted in this market category, including site assembly, tax increment financing, and concentrated demolitions to create potential for greater public safety and new green amenities.
Baltimore, MD (2008)
In 2008 Reinvestment Fund updated the Baltimore Market Value Analysis with the Baltimore City Planning Department and Baltimore Housing.Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Competitive: Neighborhoods in this category, like Federal Hill, Canton, and Homeland, have robust housing markets with high owner-occupancy rates and high property values. Foreclosure, vacancy, and abandonment rates are all very low. Most direct interventions are not necessary in the Competitive market. Basic municipal services such as street maintenance are essential to maintaining these markets. While densities do vary, single family detached homes predominate and these areas typically don’t have a mix of housing types.
- Emerging: neighborhoods in the “Emerging” category, such as Abell, Hampden and Mt. Vernon, have robust housing markets but with homeownership rates slightly below the citywide average; this category appeals to property owners interested in tapping into a strong rental market. Median sales price is above $244,000. Additional incentives for development and investment in the Emerging market would recognize its potential for growth. There is more variety in housing types and more commercial areas than in the competitive cluster.
- Stable: This cluster includes neighborhoods such as Reservoir Hill, Lauraville and Violetville. Median sale price is around $160,000 and the rate of foreclosure is just below the City average of 5%. In Stable markets, the City should consider stabilizing and marketing any vacant houses. Traditional housing code enforcement is also essential to maintain the existing housing stock. Homeownership is still significant at 55%.
- Transitional: Neighborhoods in the “Transitional” category, such as Allendale, Belair Edison and Kenilworth Park, are found typically at the inner edge of the stable neighborhoods. These neighborhoods have moderate real estate values with median sales prices between $80,000-$100,000, with higher median sales in areas with commercial land uses. Foreclosure rates are slightly higher than average, but occupancy rates are still higher than average. This cluster also has the highest rate of rental subsidy. The city should support homeowners who may be facing economic hardships due to the national economy.
- Distressed: These neighborhoods, which include Middle East, North Penn and Westport, have nearly four times the level of vacant homes and vacant lots as found in other categories. Sale prices typically range from $36,000-$40,000. Distressed markets tend to rely on comprehensive housing market interventions, such as site assembly and tax increment financing. One of the six criteria for identifying the Growth Promotion Areas includes neighborhoods located in distressed markets. Demolitions in the Distressed markets should be clustered to create potential for greater public safety and well as marketability. The housing type here is predominantly rowhouse.
Baltimore, MD (2005)
In 2005 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for the City of Baltimore Planning Department.Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed seven market types, characterized as follows:
- Competitive: high owner occupancy, high property values, and low abandonment.
- Emerging: fairly high homeownership rates, relatively low foreclosure rate, variety in housing type and greater number of commercial properties.
- Stable: slightly above average foreclosure rate, high homeownership rate, relatively new housing stock.
- Transitional: moderate average sales price, high homeownership rate, and very high foreclosure rate.
- Distressed: very high vacancy rate, very high percentage of vacant lots, low homeownership rate and lowest average sales price.
MISSOURI
Kansas City, MO
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Kansas City are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Home Values: The median value of all residential home sales occurring between 2014 and 2016q2, excluding homes purchased by a Land Bank authority or purchased for values below $1,000 or above $3,000,000. Data source for this indicator is RealQuest.
- Variance of Sales Price: The coefficient of variance of residential home sales occurring between 2014 and 2016q2. Excludes homes purchased by a Land Bank authority or purchased for values below $1,000 or above $3,000,000. Calculation for this indicator is (Average Value ÷ Standard Deviation). Data source for this indicator is RealQuest.
- Share of Homes with Permits $1k+ or New Construction: The share of residential properties with non-demolition permits valued more than $1,000 issued between 2014 and 2015. Data source for this indicator is the City of Kansas City, MO.
- Distressed Sales as a Share of Sales: Share of residential property sales between 2014 and 2016q2 where the seller or owner was a bank or the sale type was flagged as a non-standard transaction (e.g. “Sheriffs Sale”, “Tax Deed”, “Foreclosure Deed”). Data source for this indicator is RealQuest.
- Share of Homes with Maintenance Violations: The share of residential properties that were issued a maintenance-related violation between 2014 and 2015. The data source for this indicator is the City of Kansas City, MO.
- Vacant Properties as a Share of Residential Properties: The share of residential properties that were owned by a bank, cited on the city’s dangerous buildings list, cited for vacancy, listed in the city’s vacancy property registry, or requested a permit for demolition between 2014 and 2015. The data source for this indicator is the City of Kansas City, MO.
- Density of Housing Units: Number of households per acre of land. Equals count of owner and renter occupied households divided by acres of residential land. The data source for this indicator is the City of Kansas City, MO.
- Percent Owner Occupied Households: Percent of households that reported owning their home. Data source for this indicator is the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2010-2014.
- Share of Rentals in Single Family Homes: Share of households renting their home in a building with one to four units. Data source for this indicator is the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2010-2014.
- Share of Households with Subsidy (Excluding Senior Housing): Number of subsidized units that were not exclusively for seniors as a share of all households. Data source for this indicator is HUD’s Picture of Subsidized Housing.
Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I). These markets are described below.
- Market Type A: Highest value homes in the city, lower density than market type B, lowest rate of subsidized households along with market type B, lowest share of homes with maintenance violations and distressed sales.
- Market Type B: High value homes, more multifamily buildings than A markets, low percentage of subsidized households and vacant homes, more investment activity (i.e. building permits) than market type A.
- Market Type C: Moderate value homes, highest household density of all markets in the city, largely renter occupied households, higher share of subsidized households and maintenance violations than market type D but also more investment activity (i.e. building permits).
- Market Type D: Moderate value homes but slightly lower than C markets, largely owner occupied households, low share of subsidized households, homes with maintenance violations, vacant homes and distressed sales but also a small percentage of homes with building permits indicating lower level of investment than market type C.
- Market Type E: Moderate value homes, but median sales price almost half that of C and D markets. Lowest household density in the city, largely owner occupied homes. Shares of homes with maintenance violations and distressed sales higher than market types C/D.
- Market Type F: Moderate value homes, but median sales price almost half that of C and D markets. More subsidized rental households and distressed sales than E markets.
- Market Type G: Low value homes, owner occupied versus renter occupied households pretty evenly split, high share of subsidized households, homes with violations and distressed sales. Share of vacant homes more than double that of market type F.
- Market Type H: Low value homes, median sale price less than half that of market type G. Distressed sales account for almost half of all home sales, high vacancy rate and high percentage of violations.
- Market Type I: Lowest value homes in the city, highest vacancy rate in the city, distressed sales account for more than half of all homes sales.
- Non Residential: Non residential areas of the city where there were fewer than 100 housing units in a given block group.
- Insufficient Data: All block groups that had fewer than 5 residential sales; these block groups tend to be either entirely rental housing or non-residential uses.
NEW JERSEY
Asbury Park, NJ (2022)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2023, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Asbury Park, New Jersey.The MVA indicators in Asbury Park are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price, 2019 – 2021: Median price of arms-length residential property transactions between 2019 and 2021 Q2
- Coefficient of Variance: Dispersion of prices within census block groups over the target time period
- Rate of Housing Renovation: Share of homes with permits for substantial residential renovation valued over $5k
- Rate of Distressed Residential Sales: Share of property transactions classified as foreclosure, sheriff sale, or bank purchase
- Rate of Residential Vacancy: Share of vacant residential addresses.
- Rate of Investor Purchases: Share of home sales where purchaser was an investor or institutional owner
- Rate of Homeownership: Share of owner occupied households
- Share of Subsidized Renters: Share of rent subsidized housing units excluding units in senior developments
- Housing Density: Ratio of households to residential parcels
The tables below show each component’s average for each MVA category.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Asbury Park area’s most expensive housing market with twice as high median home sales price than the regional average. The housing stock shows many strengths, such as the high rate of housing renovation and permitting activities, high homeowner occupancy, low vacancy rates, and few distressed home sales. These neighborhoods are the least dense in the area, with predominantly large single-family houses with spacious front yards.
- Market Type B: Strong renters’ markets that consist of a mix of single-family homes and multi-family housing of various sizes. These markets have the highest housing renovation and permitting rates in the study area.
- Market Type C: Makes up the area’s middle markets with the “D” markets. Median home sales prices are much more affordable than the “A” and “B” markets. These markets have the highest owner-occupancy rate in the study area, and the home prices within the block groups are most consistent. As the lower rate of permitting activities indicates, neighborhoods’ housing stock shows minor signs of deferred maintenance.
- Market Type D: Similar median home sales price with the “C” market, but the homes are predominately occupied by renters. These neighborhoods have the highest vacancy rate relative to the rest of the region.
- Market E: The most affordable housing markets in the area, but the median sales price is nearly $250,000, and investors make up close to half of the home buyers. The homes are mainly renter-occupied, and many of them receive a rental subsidy.
Atlantic Highlands, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Atlantic Highlands for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Dark Purple: highest average sales price, fairly high percent commercial, highest percent owner occupied.
- Light Purple: relatively high percent owner occupied and relatively low percent foreclosure.
- Dark Blue: fairly high average sales price, fairly low percent of rental that is Section 8.
- Light Blue: highest residential parcel change rate, relatively high percent owner occupied, highest percent of rental that is Section 8.
- Light Yellow: fairly high average sales price, very low percent owner occupied.
- Dark Yellow: very high residential parcel change rate, fairly low percent of rental that is Section 8.
- Light Orange: fairly low average sales price, fairly high percent foreclosure.
- Dark Orange: very low percent owner occupied, very high percent foreclosure.
Camden, NJ (2022)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2023, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Camden, New Jersey.The MVA indicators in Camden are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price, 2019 – 2021: Median price of arms-length residential property transactions between 2019 and 2021 Q2
- Coefficient of Variance: Dispersion of prices within census block groups over the target time period
- Rate of Homeownership: Share of owner occupied households
- Rate of Housing Renovation: Share of homes with permits for residential renovation
- Rate of Distressed Residential Sales: Share of property transactions classified as foreclosure, sheriff sale, or bank purchase
- Rate of Vacant Residential Parcels: Share of vacant housing units
- Share of Subsidized Renters: Share of rent subsidized housing units excluding units in senior developments
- Rate of Residential Land Use: Proportion of land area in parcels with residential land uses
- High Home Prices, High Subsidy: Camden’s most expensive block groups are areas where the housing market is supported by public or private investment.
- Stable Owner Occupied: These markets are largely residential, mostly owner-occupied, and have vacancy rates below the city average.
- Market Rate Renter Occupied: Neighborhoods in this market type are mostly renter-occupied and have the lowest share of renters receiving housing subsidy.
- Subsidized Renter Occupied: Home prices are very low, and residents are split nearly evenly between renters and owners; over 90% of renters are using subsidy of some kind. Most land is designated for use other than residential.
Camden, NJ (2000)
In 2000 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of Camden for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed six market types, as follows:
- High Value: highest average sales price at $116,864, very low vacancy rate, majority owner-occupied, and the lowest number of Section 8 certificates.
- Strong Value: high average sales price, high rate of homeownership, low number of Section 8 certificates, lowest number of demolition permits per capita, and lowest vacancy rate at 0.3%.
- Steady: highest rate of homeownership at 79%, highest number of alteration and addition permits per capita, lowest number of older homes, and average number of vacancies.
- Transitional: fairly low average residential sales price, above average owner-occupied.
- Distressed Public Market: highest number of Section 8 certificates and low average home sales price.
- Reclamation: highest number of older homes, lowest average sales price at $18,063, highest vacancy rate at 16.9%, lowest home ownership rate at 44.5%, and highest number of those with high or very high risk credit.
Meadowlands, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Meadowlands for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed five market types, characterized as follows:
- Purple: highest owner occupancy, lowest percent commercial, higher average sale price, highest percent of residential permits.
- Dark Blue: high owner occupancy, low percent commercial, slightly higher average sale price, foreclosures evident.
- Light Blue: average sales price, 52% owner occupied, evident vacant parcels.
- Light Yellow: low owner occupancy, highest percent commercial, average sales price, foreclosure activity.
- Dark Yellow: lowest owner occupancy, high percent commercial, lowest average sales price, lowest percent of residential permits.
Newark, NJ (2022)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2023, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Newark, New Jersey.The MVA indicators in Newark are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Price, 2018 – 2020: Median price of arms-length residential property transactions between 2018 and 2020 Q2
- Coefficient of Variance: Dispersion of prices within census block groups between 2018 and 2020 Q2
- Rate of Homeownership: Share of owner occupied households
- Share of Investor Purchases: Share of home sales where purchaser was an investor or institutional buyer
- Share of Housing Renovation: Share of homes with permits for substantial residential renovation valued over $4k
- Share of Code Violations: Share of residential properties with 10 or more health and safety or maintenance code violations
- Share of Vacant Residential Parcels: Share of residential properties listed on city’s abandoned property list, had vacancy related code violations between 2019 – 2021, or was classified as a city-owned tax-lien foreclosure
- Share of Distressed Residential Sales: Property transactions between 2018 – 2020 Q2 classified as foreclosure, sheriff sale, or bank purchase as a share of households
- Share of Subsidized Renters: Share of rent subsidized housing units
- Housing Density: Residential acre per housing units
- Market Type A: Mainly characterized by high residential property sales, low investor ownership rates, and very little vacancy and property maintenance issues (i.e., code violations). Density can vary between different “A” markets. In particular, the eastern “A” markets (including the Ironbound neighborhood) had much greater density than other northern “A” market neighborhoods.
- Market Type B: These markets have affordable home prices and a stock of larger, well-maintained homes. These markets consist of larger single-family homes that have been converted into multi-family properties. The distinction between single and multi-family properties in this market is often difficult to distinguish.
- Market Type C: These markets have affordable home prices and a stock of larger well-maintained homes. “C” markets are less dense, with most homes still operating as single-family residences. These markets had the highest rate of homeownership in the city.
- Market Type D: These markets have the highest concentration of subsidized housing units and the highest housing vacancy rates in the city. These markets have the city’s densest housing stock, comprised mainly of larger multi-family developments and apartment buildings.
- Market Type E: Home prices are very low in these markets. The homeownership rate is also very low, which goes hand in hand with the high rate of investor buyers. Homes are close together and consist of many subsidized properties.
- Market Type F: “F” Markets were the most distressed markets in Newark. These areas had among the city’s lowest home prices and highest vacancy rates. Code violations were common, reflecting a substantial level of deferred property maintenance. Investor activity was common with most home sales transacting with investor involvement.
Newark, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of Newark for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
- Dark Purple: no subsidized rental units and highest mean sales price.
- Medium Purple: lowest percent owner occupied at 16%, highest percent commercial land, and lowest percent sheriff sales.
- Light Purple: very low percent subsidized rental and relatively high mean residential sales price.
- Light Yellow: highest percent subsidized rental at 68%, highest percent of vacant parcels, and highest rate of new residential construction.
- Dark Yellow: low percent subsidized rental and high percent sheriff sales.
- Light Orange: very high percent subsidized rental, low mean residential sales price and very high percent vacant.
- Medium Orange: high percent owner occupied, lowest percent commercial land at 2%, no subsidized rental units, and high rate of sales price variation.
- Dark Orange: highest percent owner occupied, lowest mean residential sales price, and highest percent sheriff sales at 18%.
The Oranges, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Oranges for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Dark Purple: highest owner occupancy, no subsidized rental housing, highest average sales price, lowest foreclosure rate, lowest percent commercial, highest rate of new residential permits.
- Light Purple: high owner occupancy, low percent commercial, no subsidized rental housing, low foreclosures.
- Dark Blue: high owner occupancy, relatively high home prices, relatively low foreclosure rate.
- Light Blue: average owner occupancy, low subsidized housing, average residential prices, relatively low foreclosure rate.
- Dark Yellow: Low owner occupancy, low average sales price, high foreclosure rate.
- Light Yellow: average owner occupancy, very high percent Section 8.
- Dark Orange: lowest owner occupancy, lowest average sales price, high foreclosure rate, high rate of subsidized housing high rate of vacancy.
- Light Orange: Highest rate of subsidized housing, highest rate of foreclosure, highest rate of vacancy.
Riverline, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Riverline (along the light rail line extending from Trenton to Camden) for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
/>Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed five market types, characterized as follows:
- Purple: highest owner occupancy, lowest percent commercial, no Section 8 housing, highest average sales price, lowest foreclosure rate, greatest residential change.
- Blue: relatively low percent commercial mix, very low Section 8 rental housing, relatively strong average residential sales price, very low foreclosure rate and very low residential change.
- Dark Yellow: low average sales price, relatively high foreclosure rate, some commercial.
- Light Yellow: average percent commercial, average foreclosure rate, average sale prices.
- Orange: very low percent owner occupied, comparatively high percent commercial, very low average sales price, and very high foreclosure rate.
Southern Passaic County, NJ (2022)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2023, Reinvestment Fund updated the Market Value Analysis in Paterson and Southern Passaic County, New Jersey.The MVA indicators in Paterson and Southern Passaic County are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed::
- Median Sales Price, 2019 – 2021: Median price of arms-length residential property transactions between 2019 and 2021 Q2
- Coefficient of Variance: Dispersion of prices within census block groups over the target time period
- Rate of Homeownership: Share of owner occupied households
- Rate of Housing Renovation: Share of homes with permits for substantial residential renovation valued over $4k
- Rate of Distressed Residential Sales: Share of property transactions classified as foreclosure, sheriff sale, or bank purchase
- Rate of Vacant Residential Parcels: Share of vacant residential parcels (houses and lots)
- Share of Subsidized Renters: Share of rent subsidized housing units excluding units in senior developments
- Rate of Investor Purchases: Share of home sales where purchaser was an investor or institutional owner
- Rate of Residential Land Use: Proportion of land area in parcels with residential land uses
- Market Type A: Most expensive housing market with the highest rate of housing renovation and permitting. Predominantly owner-occupied, with little investor activity and minimal vacancy. Single-family homes predominated with larger lots and wide front yards.
- Market Type B: Mix of owner- and renter-occupied housing. Many homes are single-family properties that have been subdivided. While most properties have minimal deferred maintenance, there is generally less visible investment in home exteriors and landscaping.
- Market Type C: Mix of owner- and renter-occupied housing. Many homes were built as multi-family properties and while there is minimal deferred maintenance, there is generally less investment in landscaping and property exteriors. These markets contain a mix of commercial and residential land uses.
- Market Type D: These markets have the most visible deferred maintenance and vacancy. Most homes are renter-occupied and there are high levels of investor activity, with minimal permitting for new construction or renovation.
- Market Type E: Orange markets have the highest concentration of subsidized housing and properties with deferred maintenance and vacancy. Most homes are renter-occupied and there are high levels of investor activity, with minimal permitting for new construction or renovation.
Vineland, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Vineland area (including Millville and Bridgeton) for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed six market types, characterized as follows:
- Purple: highest average sales price, high owner occupancy, and low presence of subsidized housing, lower vacancy.
- Blue: highest owner occupancy, slightly higher than average sale prices, lowest percent subsidized housing, lowest percent of foreclosures.
- Light Blue: below average sale prices, very high percentage of subsidized rental units, low rate of new residential construction.
- Yellow: below average sale prices, low owner occupancy, high level of commercial, high percent Section 8 rentals.
- Light Orange: lowest owner occupancy, highest percent commercial, highest percent of Section 8 rentals, and very high rate of new residential construction.
- Dark Orange: lowest average sales price at $33,930, lowest percent commercial, highest percent of foreclosures, highest percent of subsidized rental units.
Washington Township, NJ (2007)
In 2007 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of the Washington Township area for the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed seven market types, characterized as follows:
- Purple: highest owner occupancy, very low percent Section 8 rental, highest residential sales price, lowest foreclosure rate, highest rate of new residential construction.
- Dark Blue: very low owner occupancy, highest percent commercial, lowest percent Section 8 rental, and relatively high sale prices.
- Medium Blue: very high owner occupancy, lowest percent of subsidized rental, low foreclosure rate.
- Light Blue: average percent commercial, average foreclosure rate, lower than average sale prices.
- Light Yellow: low owner occupancy, high percent commercial, lower than average sale prices, very low rate of new residential construction.
- Yellow: highest percent of Section 8 rentals, very low mean residential sales price, and relatively high percent commercial.
- Orange: lowest owner occupancy, lowest average residential sales price, highest percent of foreclosures, lowest rate of new residential construction.
PENNSYLVANIA
Allegheny County, PA (2016)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in the 2016 MVA for Allegheny County are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sale Price: Median residential real estate sale price for sales of $1,000 or more from 2013 through 2015. Median sales price has been calculated both with and without condominiums; the model uses the higher of the two for all block groups. The data source is the Allegheny County Office of Property Assessments (courtesy of the Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center).
- Coefficient of Variation of Sales Price: The coefficient of variation describes the variability of sale prices within the block group. The coefficient of variation is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of sale prices by the mean. The data source is the Allegheny County Office of Property Assessments (courtesy of the Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center).
- Percent Mortgage Foreclosure: Foreclosure filings from 2013 through 2015 as a percentage of owner occupied households. The data source is the Allegheny County Department of Court Records.
- Residential Vacancy: Residential vacancy is the percentage of residential addresses where mail has not been collected for at least 90 days. The residential vacancy indicator was calculated as a four quarter average from the second quarter of 2015 through the first quarter of 2016. The data source is Valassis Lists.
- Percent of Parcels Built 2008 or Later: New construction activity was measured by calculating the percent of residential parcels with a building constructed in 2008 or later as a percentage of all residential parcels. The data source is the Allegheny County Office of Property Assessments’ assessment file (downloaded from the Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center in January, 2016).
- Percent of Parcels in “Poor” or Worse Condition: The Allegheny County Office of Property Assessments rates the condition of buildings on each parcel in Allegheny County from “Excellent” to “Unsound”. Concentrations of blight were measured by calculating the number of residential parcels in “Poor”, “Very Poor”, or “Unsound” condition divided by all residential parcels. The data source is the Allegheny County Office of Property Assessments (downloaded from the Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center in January, 2016).
- Percent Owner Occupied: The percent of owner occupied households. The data source is the 2010 – 2014 American Community Survey.
- Percent Subsidized Rental Units: Subsidized rental units are measured as the sum of units in public housing developments and multi-family assistance properties and the sum of housing choice vouchers divided by the number of rental units. The data source is the Allegheny County Housing Authority.
The table below shows each component’s average for each MVA category.
Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Robust “A”: Highest home values, largest level of new construction, highest owner occupancy levels, and little housing distress (such as residential vacancy and foreclosure).
- Robust “B”: Elevated home values, substantial amounts of new construction, high levels of owner occupancy, and little housing distress.
- Steady “C”: Above average home values, about average levels of new construction, high levels of owner occupancy, and little housing distress.
- Steady “D”: Slightly below average home values, half the countywide average amount of new construction, more renters than owners, and about average levels of foreclosure and residential vacancy.
- Steady “E”: Slightly lower than average home values, half the countywide average amount of new construction, high levels of owner occupancy, low levels of residential vacancy, about average levels of foreclosure.
- Transitional “F”: Home values about half the countywide average, little new construction, more owners than renters, and about average levels of foreclosure and residential vacancy.
- Transitional “G”: Below average home values, little new construction, slightly more owners than renters, and about twice the countywide average levels of foreclosure and residential vacancy.
- Distressed “H”: Home values well below the countywide average, little new construction, more renters than owners, elevated levels of residential vacancy, and the highest levels of foreclosure in the County.
- Distressed “I”: Lowest home values in Allegheny County, little new construction, about an even share of owners and renters, the highest levels of residential vacancy, and elevated levels of foreclosure.
Bethlehem, PA (2017)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis is a unique tool for characterizing markets as it creates an internally referenced index of a municipality’s residential real estate market. In 2017, the first Market Value Analysis was developed for Bethlehem, PA. Below are the indicators used in the 2017 Bethlehem MVA:
- Median Sales Price: Median sales price of sales transactions that occurred between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data sources for this indicator were Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Variance of Sales Price: The coefficient of variance of sales price for sales transactions that occurred between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data sources for this indicator were Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Two-to-Four Family Sales: The share of sales transactions that were for two-to-four family properties, sold between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data sources for this indicator were Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Condo Sales: The share of sales transactions that were condos, sold between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data sources for this indicator were Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Owner Occupancy: The share of households that reported owning their home. Data source for this indicator was American Community Survey, 2011-2015.
- Subsidized Housing: The share of rental units with subsidies. Data sources for this indicator were City of Bethlehem, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, and American Community Survey, 2011-2015.
- Housing Density: Residential housing units per residential land area. Data sources for this indicator were Lehigh and Northampton Counties and American Community Survey, 2011-2015.
- Investor Purchases: The share of sales transactions that were sold to investors, sold between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data source for this indicator was Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Multiple Permits: The share of residential parcels with at least two permits between 2015 and 2017 (July). Data source for this indicator was the City of Bethlehem.
- New Construction Permits: The share of residential parcels with new construction building permits between 2011 and 2017 (July). Data source for this indicator was City of Bethlehem.
- Distressed Properties: The share of residential parcels that were registered in Pro Champs between 2015 and 2017 (Oct.), registered in Pro Champs prior to 2015 but the status remains open, or received an Act 91 Notice between 2015 and 2017Q2. Data source for this indicator was the City of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency, and Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
- Multiple Violations: The share of residential parcels with a violation that had at least five violation citations between 2015 and 2017 (July). Data source for this indicator was the City of Bethlehem.
- Blight: The share of residential parcels that experienced a water shutoff and/or were identified in the Blight Survey. Data source for this indicator was the City of Bethlehem.
The 2017 Bethlehem Market Value Analysis identified seven distinct market types, from A to G. Below are brief descriptions of each market type:
Strong Markets
- A Markets are the strongest markets in Bethlehem and are largely characterized by high sales prices, low levels of distress, and low owner occupancy rates.
- B Markets are also strong markets with high sales prices, low levels of distress, and highest home ownership rates in Bethlehem.
- C Markets were the only block groups with substantial new construction activity and had the highest levels of condominium sales.
- D Markets generally represent “middle” markets with a median sale price ($143,933), slightly below the citywide average. “D” markets also have a roughly even split between owner and renter households, average levels of distress, and average numbers of properties with multiple violations.
- E Markets also represent a portion of the “middle” market, although these block groups have a slightly lower median sales price and greater signs of both distress and investor purchases than “D” markets.
- F Markets have the lowest homeownership rates in the city and are also home to the greatest concentrations of subsidized rental housing. They also had the highest share of investor purchases and mixed signs of stress.
- G Markets are the most stressed in Bethlehem. The median home sales price ($69,047) is the lowest in the city and investors make up nearly half of all residential sales. Over a quarter of properties have multiple violations and elevated levels of blight and distressed.
Philadelphia, PA (2018)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Philadelphia are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sales Prices, Condo-Adjusted, 2016 – 2018Q2: Median residential sales prices, excluding non-arms-length transactions (sales prices under $1,000), adjusted for sales of condos*, 2016 to 2018Q2 (Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment)
- Variance for Sales, 2016 – 2018Q2: Coefficient of variance for residential sales prices, 2016 to 2018Q2 (Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment)
- Permits, 2016 – 2018Q2: Count of properties with permits for major renovations 2016 to 2018Q2 as share of all residential parcels (Philadelphia Department of License and Inspections)
- New Construction, 2013– 2018Q2: Count of residential properties with permits for new construction 2013 to 2018Q2 as a share of all residential parcels (Philadelphia Department of License and Inspections)
- Vacant Homes and Residential Land, 2018: Count of residential parcels with vacant homes or vacant land as a share of all residential parcels (Philadelphia Office of License and Inspections)
- Foreclosure Filings, 2016 – 2018Q2: Count of residential parcels with foreclosure filing issued between 2016 and 2018Q2 as a share of residential sales (Philadelphia Prothonotary’s Office)
- Housing Density, 2018: Count of housing units per acre (Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment)
- Owner-Occupied Households, 2016: Share of households that owned their home (American Community Survey, 5-year Estimates, 2011-2016)
- Subsidized Rental Housing Units, 2018: Count of subsidized rental housing (including Project Based Section 8, LIHTC, and Vouchers) as a share of all renter-occupied households (Philadelphia Housing Authority, HUD)
- Condominium Presence, 2018: Share of housing units that are located in condominiums (Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment)
*Median sales prices were adjusted to account for the sale of condos within each block group. Generally, condo sales reduce median home value estimates. For each block group, the median sales price used in the model is the higher of the median price of all arms-length transactions or the median price of all arms-length transactions excluding condos.
**Variable used in final model.
The table below shows each component’s average for each MVA category.
- Market Type A: Highest home sales prices and share of units that are condos. Lowest foreclosure, vacancy and subsidized rental housing rates. High levels of renovation and new construction. Predominantly renters.
- Market Type B: High sale prices and condo presence, largest incidence of private investor activity and new construction. Notable presence of subsidized units compared to other areas with high home prices.
- Market Type C: Highest homeownership rate, moderate foreclosure activity, low vacancy and subsidy rates.
- Market Type D: Sales price close to city median, highest share of renters, high permitting activity but low rates of new construction. Higher than average rates of vacancy and subsidy.
- Market Type E: Median sales prices below city average. Lowest share of permits and little new construction. High homeownership, high foreclosure.
- Market Type F: Low permitting and construction. Highest foreclosure rate. Elevated subsidy and vacancy.
- Market Type G: Highest subsidy usage for renters. Evenly split renters and owners. High foreclosure and vacancy rates.
- Market Type H: Low sale prices, highest rates of vacancy and foreclosure in the city. Roughly one in five renters rely on subsidy.
- Market Type I: Lowest sale prices and highest sale variance, highest vacancy rate. Moderate homeownership. New construction essentially nonexistent.
- Nonresidential Mask: All nonresidential parcels>50,000sf in the Philadelphia Property Appraiser’s file were merged to create a non-residential mask for the county.
- Not Rated: All block groups that had fewer than 5 sales in 2016-2018; these block groups tend to be either entirely rental housing or non-residential uses.
Philadelphia, PA (2015)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in the 2015 MVA for Philadelphia are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median Sale Price: Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment’s (OPA) file of all recorded deeds between 1/1/2013 through 6/30/2015 for residential sales of $1,000 or more. Median sales price has been calculated both with and without condominiums; the model uses the higher of the two for all blockgroups.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the OPA file, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.) The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. CV = std dev / mean
- Percent Owner-Occupied: U.S. Census, American Community Survey data (2009-2013) representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Percent Vacant: Philadelphia Department of License and Inspections’ inventory of vacant housing in Philadelphia, 2010-2014, divided by the total number of housing units.
- Percent New Construction: Philadelphia Office of Property Assessment records of all new residential properties built 2008-2015 as a percent of all residential parcels.
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: This figure represents all foreclosure filings 2013-2015Q2 (Philadelphia Prothonotary’s Office) divided by the number of sales in 2013-2015Q2 (OPA).
- Percent Public/Assisted Housing: Represents Philadelphia Public Housing Authority owned developments and HUD-assisted rental housing developments (permanent housing units, not housing choice vouchers) divided by the number of renter-occupied housing units (ACS 2009-2013).
- Housing Density: Housing units (ACS 2009-2013) per acre of residential land area (OPA)
- Percent Permits: Philadelphia Department of License and Inspections’ inventory of residential properties with building permits 2013-2015 as a percent of residential properties (OPA)
- Percent Condominium: Percent of all single family residential parcels that are classified as condominiums (OPA)
The table below shows each component’s average for each MVA category.
- Regional Choice (A1): Highest home prices, highest percent of condominiums, highest density, low number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume, second lowest owner occupancy rate, highest level of permit activity.
- Regional Choice (A2): High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, relatively low percent owner occupied compared to the citywide average.
- Steady (B): Relatively high home prices, lowest sales price variance, low level of new construction, highest home ownership rate, lowest density, lowest level of subsidized housing.
- Steady (C): Home prices above citywide median, third highest level of condominiums, substantially higher foreclosures as a percent of sales than A-C categories, lowest level of homeownership.
- Transitional (D): Home prices equal to or slightly above citywide median, second lowest level of vacancies, second highest homeownership rate, second lowest density, lowest amount of condominiums, negligible amount of new construction, second lowest variance in sale prices.
- Transitional (E): Sales prices below city median, second highest rate of foreclosures as a percent of sales, negligible amount of new construction, homeownership rate above the city average (53% per the ACS 2009-2013).
- Stressed (F): Third highest homeownership rate compared to other categories, home prices below the citywide average, highest number of foreclosures as a percent of sales.
- Stressed (G): Homeownership at or slightly below citywide average, home prices well below the citywide median, third highest number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, third highest percent of public/assisted housing.
- Distressed (H): Very low home values, second highest sales price variance, equal to or slightly below the citywide average homeownership rate, second highest level of vacancies, second highest level of subsidized housing.
- Distressed (I): Lowest home sale prices, highest vacancy rate, third lowest level of homeownership, lowest level of permit activity, highest level of publicly assisted rental housing.
Philadelphia, PA (2011)
In 2011, Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for the City of Philadelphia.
- Median and Mean Sale Price: Philadelphia Board of Revision of Taxes’ (BRT) file of all recorded deeds between 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2011 for residential sales of $1,000 or more. Only the Median Sale Price was used in the MVA model.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the BRT file, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Percent Owner-Occupied: U.S. Census data (2010) representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Percent Vacant: Philadelphia Department of License and Inspections’ inventory of vacant land and housing in Philadelphia, 2009-2012, divided by the total number of housing units.
- Percent New Construction: Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections’ records of all permits issued between 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2011 for new construction and substantial rehabilitation of properties.
- Percent Commercial: Philadelphia Department of City Planning’s Land Use File. This figure represents commercial land – not including parking lots – divided by all developed land.
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: Philadelphia Prothonotary’s Office’s file of foreclosure filings 2010-Q1 2011. This figure represents all foreclosure filings 2010-Q1 2011 divided by the number of sales in 2010-2011 (from BRT).
- Percent Public/Assisted Housing: Represents Philadelphia Public Housing Authority owned developments and HUD-assisted rental housing developments (permanent housing units, not housing choice vouchers) divided by the 2010 Census number of renter-occupied housing units.
The table below shows each component’s average for each MVA category.
- Regional Choice (A): Highest home prices, low number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume, lowest owner occupancy rate, highest level of new construction activity.
- Regional Choice (B): High home prices, lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, relatively low percent owner occupied compared to the citywide average, highest percent commercial mix.
- High Value (C): Relatively high home prices, high level of new construction, relatively low ownership rate compared to the citywide average.
- Steady 1 (D): Relatively high home prices compared to the citywide average, , fairly active level of new construction, substantially higher foreclosures as a percent of sales than Regional Choice and High Value categories.
- Steady 2 (E): Second lowest level of vacancies, second highest homeownership rate, lower level of new construction compared to previous categories, lowest coefficient of variance in sale prices.
- Transitional (F): Highest homeownership rate, higher foreclosures as a percent of sales than previous categories, second lowest coefficient of variance in sales prices.
- Transitional (G): High homeownership rate compared to other categories, home prices below the citywide average, high number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, second highest percent of public/assisted housing.
- Distressed (H): Highest percent of foreclosures as a percent of sales, relatively low home prices, high homeownership rate, elevated vacancies.
- Distressed (I): Lowest home sale prices, highest vacancy rate, below average owner occupancy rate, highest level of publicly assisted rental housing.
Philadelphia, PA (2008)
In 2008, Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for the City of Philadelphia.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Regional Choice A: highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings, high percent owner occupied.
- Regional Choice B: low foreclosure, low percent owner occupied, relatively high percent commercial mix.
- High Value C: high number of residential properties with tax abatements, relatively high home prices, high residential density.
- Steady 1D: relatively high homeownership, home prices relatively high and stable, few vacancies.
- Steady 2D: few vacancies, relatively high homeownership, high number of residential properties with tax abatements.
- Transitional E: relatively high and steady home prices and population shifts.
- Transitional F: high number of foreclosures, population shifts, relatively high density.
- Distressed G: high number of foreclosures, relatively low home prices, population shifts, elevated vacancies.
- Distressed: lower home prices, high vacancy rate, predominantly homeowners, much publicly assisted housing.
Philadelphia, PA (2001)
In 2001, Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for the City of Philadelphia.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Regional Choice: highest home prices, mix of uses, older homes in excellent condition.
- High Value: high home prices, price appreciation, population stability and some growth, less commercial activity, high rate of homeownership.
- Steady: predominantly homeowners, home prices relatively high and stable, homes in good condition, few vacancies.
- Transitional (Up): relatively high and steady home prices and population shifts.
- Transitional (Steady): steady home prices, no robust appreciation, population shifts.
- Transitional (Down): population shifts, worn housing, dangerous properties, elevated vacancies.
- Distressed: lower home prices, physical decay, older homes, elevated vacancies, predominantly homeowners, much publicly assisted housing, substantial population loss.
- Reclamation: population loss, low property values, physical deterioration, hyper-abandonment, dangerous buildings.
Reading, PA
In 2011 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis of Reading, Pennsylvania for Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Dark Purple: highest median sales price, highest sales price variation, some commercial presence, moderate foreclosure rate, highest rate of new construction.
- Light Purple: high owner occupancy, low amount of commercial, high residential sales price, lowest foreclosure rate, lower rate of new residential construction.
- Dark Blue: moderate owner occupancy, high percent commercial, moderate foreclosure rate, and relatively high sale prices.
- Light Blue: low percent commercial, average foreclosure rate, relatively high sale prices.
- Light Yellow: moderate owner occupancy, high percent commercial, moderate sale prices, very low rate of new residential construction.
- Yellow: relatively high percent vacancy, fairly low median sales price, and relatively low percent commercial.
- Orange: no new construction activity, lowest owner occupancy, low residential sales price, high percent of foreclosures, highest home sale price variation.
- Red: lowest median sales price, highest vacancy rate, moderate foreclosure rate, lower owner occupancy.
TEXAS
Dallas, TX (2017)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Dallas are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:- Median Sales Price: Median residential real estate sales price for sales of $1,000 or more from 2015 (Q3&4) through 2017 (Q1&2). Reinvestment Fund imputed a price to rent equivalence for block groups with less than 5 sales and high levels of rental occupancy based on ACS median gross rent and Zillow price to rent index. The data source for sales price is InfoUSA.
- Coefficient of Variation of Sales Price: The coefficient of variation describes the variability of sale prices within the block group. The coefficient of variation is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of sale prices by the mean. The data source is InfoUSA.
- Percent Mortgage Foreclosure: Foreclosure listings from 2015 (Q3&4) through 2017 (Q1&2) as a percentage of owner occupied households. The data source is the Foreclosure Listings Service.
- Residential Vacancy: Residential vacancy is the percentage of residential addresses where mail has not been collected for at least 90 days. The residential vacancy indicator was calculated as an average of the first through fourth quarters of 2016. The data source is Valassis Lists.
- Percent of New Construction Units: New construction activity was measured by calculating the percent of permitted new consturction units from 2015 (Q3&4) through 2017 (Q1&2) as a percentage of all housing units. The data source is the City of Dallas Department of Planning & Urban Design.
- Percent of Rehab Permits: Parcels with a total permit value of $1,000 or more from 2015 (Q3&4) through 2017 (Q1&2) as a percentage of all housing units. The data source is the City of Dallas Department of Planning & Urban Design.
- Percent of Parcels with a Code Violation Lien: Percent of residential parcels with a code violation lien from 2015 (Q3&4) through 2017 (Q1&2). The data source is the City of Dallas Department of Code Compliance.
- Owner occupied units as a % of occupied units: 2015 American Community Survey data (from the Census Bureau) representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Percent Subsidized Rental Units: Subsidized rental units are measured as the sum of units in public housing developments, multi-family assistance properties, LIHTC developments, housing choice vouchers, and locally subsidized units divided by the number of rental units. The data source is the City of Dallas Department of Planning & Urban Design.
Population and Housing Distribution by Market Type
Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Regional Choice “A”: Highest home values, largest level of new construction, high owner occupancy levels, and little housing distress (such as residential vacancy and foreclosure).
- Regional Choice “B”: Elevated home values, highest amounts of rehab. permits, highest levels of owner occupancy, and little housing distress.
- Regional Choice “C”: Elevated home values, above average levels of new construction, high levels of renter occupancy, and little housing distress.
- Steady “D”: Double average home values, high levels of rehab. permits, more owners than renters, and low levels of foreclosure and residential vacancy.
- Steady “E”: About average home values, highest household density, highest levels of renter occupancy, some residential vacancy and foreclosure.
- Steady “F”: Home values slightly below the citywide average, little new construction, more owners than renters, and about average levels of foreclosure and residential vacancy.
- Transitional “G”: Below average home values, little new construction, more renters than owners, and highest levels of subsidized rentals.
- Transitional “H”: Home values well below the citywide average, little new construction, more owners than renters, elevated levels of residential vacancy and foreclosure.
- Distressed “I”: Lowest home values in Dallas, slightly below average levels of new construction, about an even share of owners and renters, the highest levels of residential code violation liens, vacancy, and foreclosure.
Houston, TX (2016)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Houston are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:- Median sales price: The middle value of residential sales, where half the sales are above the calculated median value and half are below. Median sales price is calculated from InfoUSA’s nationwide database file of all recorded sales between 1/1/2014 through 12/31/2015. Sales were filtered for residential sales greater than $1,000 and less than $4 million.
- Variability of sales prices: The coefficient of variation, derived from the InfoUSA database of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure filings as a percent of sales: Harris County’s foreclosure filings starting in April 2014 through August 2016, derived from Constables’ Foreclosure Auction Daily Court Review publication. This figure represents all foreclosure filings from April 2014 through August 2016 divided by the number of sales in 2014-2015 (from InfoUSA database).
- Vacant properties as a % of housing units: Harris County properties with water service shut off (as of August 2016) + City of Houston Dept. of Neighborhoods dangerous buildings (as of Oct 2016) + Harris County demolished residences (2014-2016, courtesy of the Kinder Institute), divided by the total number of residential housing units (ACS 2015). Parcels which had both a demolished residence and a new construction permit were removed.
- Building permits as a % of housing units: City of Houston records of all building permits (single family and multifamily construction) issued between 1/1/2014 through 12/31/2015, divided by the total number of residential housing units (ACS 2015).
- Owner occupied units as a % of occupied units: 2015 American Community Survey data (from the Census Bureau) representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Subsidized rental stock as a % of rental units: The sum of units owned and/or managed by the Houston Housing Authority, rental assisted housing units from the City of Houston and Houston Housing Authority, and Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) units, divided by the number of occupied rental units (ACS 2015).
- Commercial or industrial area as % of all land area: From the Houston-Galveston Area Council land use parcel file, this figure represents the land area categorized as non-residential divided by the sum of all land use types, 2016.
- Housing violations as a % of housing units: From the City of Houston building citations and violations file, this figure represents citations from 1/1/2014 through 6/31/2016 divided by the number of housing units (ACS 2015).
Population and Housing Distribution by Market Type
Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume (foreclosure rate), high number of permits relative to housing units, percent owner occupied well above the citywide average.
- Market Type B: High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, percent owner occupied below the citywide average.
- Market Type C: Relatively high home prices, highest percent owner occupied, foreclosure rate as a percentage of sales substantially below the citywide average.
- Market Type D: Home prices are comparable to the citywide average, foreclosures as a percentage of sales are comparable to other middle markets, percent owner occupied below the citywide average.
- Market Type E: Home prices are below the citywide average, third highest homeownership rate, foreclosures as a percent of sales below the citywide average.
- Market Type F: Homeownership rate well below the citywide average, elevated foreclosures as a percent of sales, home prices significantly below the citywide average.
- Market Type G: Fourth highest homeownership rate, home prices substantially below the citywide average, third highest average number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, comparable vacancy rate relative to citywide average.
- Market Type H: Second lowest home sale prices, highest coefficient of variance of sales, highest percent of publicly subsidized rental, highest percent for vacancy as share of housing units, and highest foreclosures as a percent of sales.
- Market Type I: Lowest home sale prices, lowest owner occupancy rate, second highest coefficient of variance of sales, second highest foreclosures as a percent of sales.
Houston, TX (2013)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Houston are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:- Median sales price: The middle value of residential sales, where half the sales are above the calculated median value and half are below. Median sales price is calculated from InfoUSA’s nationwide database file of all recorded sales between 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2011. Sales were filtered for residential sales greater than $1,000 and less than $2 million.
- Variability of sales prices: The coefficient of variation, derived from the InfoUSA database of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure filings as a percent of sales: Harris County’s foreclosure filings 2010 through 2011, derived from Constables’ Foreclosure Auction Daily Court Review publication. This figure represents all foreclosure filings in 2010 and 2011 divided by the number of sales in 2010-2011 (from InfoUSA database).
- Residential water shutoffs as a % of housing units: Harris County’s report of properties where water service has been shut off as of August 2012 – divided by the total number of residential housing units. This is an indicator of vacancy.
- Building permits as a % of housing units: City of Houston records of all building permits (demolition, single family construction, and multifamily construction) issued between 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2012, divided by the total number of residential housing units.
- Owner occupied units as a % of occupied units: 2010 US Census data representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Public housing subsidies of rental stock as a % of rental units: The sum of units owned and/or managed by the Houston Housing Authority and rental assisted housing units from the City of Houston and Harris County in 2012, divided by the number of rental units.
- Commercial or industrial area as % of all land area: From the Harris County Appraisal District File, this figure represents the land area categorized as non-residential divided by the sum of all land use types.
- Housing violations as a % of housing units: From the Harris County building violations file, this figure represents all violations from 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2012 divided by the number of housing units.
Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume (foreclosure rate), highest number of permits relative to housing units, percent owner occupied well above the citywide average.
- Market Type B: High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, percent owner occupied substantially below the citywide average.
- Market Type C: Relatively high home prices, highest percent owner occupied, foreclosure rate as a percentage of sales substantially below the citywide average.
- Market Type D: Home prices are comparable to the citywide average, foreclosures as a percentage of sales are elevated relative to other middle markets, percent owner occupied substantially below the citywide average.
- Market Type E: Home prices that are comparable to the citywide average, second highest homeownership rate, foreclosures as a percent of sales below than the citywide average.
- Market Type F: Homeownership rate above the citywide average, elevated foreclosures as a percent of sales, highest number of violations as a percent of housing units, home prices below the citywide average.
- Market Type G: third lowest homeownership rate, home prices below the citywide average, above average number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, percent water shut-offs that are similar to the citywide average.
- Market Type H: Second lowest home sale prices, highest coefficient of variance of sales, second highest percent of publicly subsidized rental, highest percent water shut-offs.
- Market Type I: Lowest home sale prices, lowest owner occupancy rate, second highest coefficient of variance of sales, second highest percent water shut-offs, highest percent of publicly subsidized rental.
VIRGINIA
Richmond, VA (2017)
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. In 2017, Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for the City of Richmond, VA. Reinvestment Fund’s cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows: Market Type A- 32 of the region’s 461 block groups have been characterized as “A” markets.
- 8.8% (68,848) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 7.9% (23,926) of its households.
- Typical home sales price in “A” markets is approximately $501,292, nearly 2.5 times the regional median.
- Highest average percentage of properties (5.9%) that have been built in the last 10 years
- Elevated rates of permitting activity (11.6%) relative to the regional average.
- Owner occupancy rates (90.1%) well above the regional average.
- “A” markets have the lowest level of bank sales (2.6% of sales) in the region.
- There are few publicly subsidized rental housing options in these markets (0.4% of all rental units).
- “A” markets are the least dense housing market with an average only 1.9 housing units per residential acre.
- High 23 of the region’s 461 block groups have been characterized as “B” markets.
- Highest density of all of the markets at an average of 17.2 housing units per residential acre
- 5.3% (41,700) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 6.7% (20,252) of its households.
- At nearly $426,000, the “B” markets’ typical home sales price is just over two times the regional median.
- Permitting activity (5.0%) is slightly below the regional average.
- “B” markets are predominantly renter occupied, with 33% of all households being owner occupied.
- 82 of the region’s 461 block groups have been characterized as “C” markets.
- More suburban in form, with an average of 3.2 housing units per acre
- 19.9% (155,458) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 19.5% (58,660) of its households.
- Home sale prices ($274,479) above the regional average.
- Permitting activity (7.2%) is second highest in the region.
- Predominantly owner occupied (83%); of the limited number of rental properties, few (3%) are publicly subsidized.
- The average rate of bank sales, 6%, is double that of “A” and “B” markets.
- 53 of the region’s 461 block groups have been characterized as “D” markets.
- 11.9% (92,974) of the region’s residents and 13.2% (39,877) of its households.
- The typical home sale prices in “D” markets ($195,175) is just under the regional average.
- Permitting activity in “D” markets (5.7%) is just under the regional average.
- Lowest average homeownership rate (29%)
- Second highest density (9.8 units per acre) of all of the markets.
- Comprise over 28,700 rental households, with an average of 7% receiving some form of subsidy.
- 103 of the region’s 461 block groups were characterized as “E” markets.
- These block groups were home to 22.8% (178,048) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 21.6% of its households.
- The typical home sales price in “E” markets is approximately $182,686, roughly 10% below the regional average.
- The market is largely (80%) owner occupied, third highest in the region.
- Bank sales are roughly equal to the regional average.
- Percent of presidential properties built since 2008 (2.6%) is slightly below the regional average.
- Permitting activity in “E” markets (5.5%) is slightly below the regional average.
- 30 of the region’s 461 block groups were characterized as “F” markets.
- 6.8% (53,482) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 7% (20,978) of its households.
- The typical home sales price in “F” markets is approximately $140,358, just over two-thirds the regional average
- On average, 21% of all sales are bank sales.
- Permitting activity in “F” markets (10.6%) is the third highest rate in the city.
- These markets are nearly evenly split between owners (48%) and renters.
- Of the renter households, an average of 77% per block group are receiving public subsidy; the second highest level in the region.
- 62 of the region’s 461 block groups were characterized as “G” markets.
- 11.6% (90,655) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 11.8% (35,626) of its households.
- At $117,611, typical home sales prices in these “G” markets are just above half the regional average.
- In a typical block group, nearly 30% of all sales are by banks.
- An average of 59% of households own their home, the fourth highest average of all markets.
- Of the renter occupied households, on average 6.5% of them are subsidized.
- The third highest vacancy rate (3%) of all market types.
- Permitting activity in “G” markets (4.9%) is below the regional average.
- 31 of the region’s 461 block groups were characterized as “H” markets.
- 4.1% (32,453) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 3.9% (11,640) of its housing units.
- The typical home sales price in “H” markets is $63,465, just below one-third the regional average.
- On average, bank sales account for 32.8% of all sales in “H” block groups.
- Permitting activity in “H” markets (3.7%) is the second lowest of all market types.
- “H” markets typically have 41% homeowners and 59% renters.
- On average 12% of renter households receive public rental subsidy, the third highest percentage among market types.
- Average vacancy rates in “H” markets (8.5%) are the highest in the region and over 2.5 times as high as the next highest market.
- 18 of the region’s 461 block groups were characterized as “I” markets.
- These block groups are the third most densely built (7.2 units per residential acre)
- 3.3% (26,112) of the region’s 2011-2015 population and 3.1% (9,401) of its households.
- The typical home sales price in these “I” markets is $53,597, approximately 25% of the Richmond regional average.
- Permitting activity in “I” markets is the lowest in the region at 2.0%.
- “I” markets typically have 30% homeowners and of the 70% that are renters.
- On average, 89% of the renter households are receiving some form of subsidy.
WASHINGTON, DC
In 2006 Reinvestment Fund developed a Market Value Analysis for Washington, DC.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed eight market types, characterized as follows:
- Dark purple: highest median sales price, lowest percent vacant and highest percent prime loans.
- Light purple: high percentage owner occupied and relatively high median sales price.
- Dark blue: highest percent owner occupied, lowest percent commercial, relatively low percent prime loans, highest percent of Section 8 housing at 19%.
- Medium blue: higher than average sale prices, and average rate of vacancy.
- Light blue: low percent owner occupied, highest percent commercial, average sale prices.
- Dark orange: very low percent owner occupied, highest percent vacant, below average median sales price.
- Light orange: lowest percent owner occupied, below average sale prices, high rate of vacancy
- Yellow: above average owner occupancy, lowest median sales price, lowest percent prime loans, high rate of vacancy.
WISCONSIN
Milwaukee, WI
Reinvestment Fund’s Market Value Analysis (MVA) describes the characteristics of the block groups within a study area. The MVA indicators in Milwaukee are noted below and represent the dimensions upon which block groups are analyzed:
- Median and Average Sales Price: Office of the City Assessor file of all recorded sales between 1/1/2011 through 12/31/2012 for residential sales of $1,000 or more. Only the Median Sale Price was used in the MVA model.
- Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation, derived from the City Assessor’s file of sales, represents the variability of sale prices within the block group. (High numbers represent places with wide variations in sale prices.)
- Foreclosure as a Percent of Sales: Milwaukee Office of City Development’s file of foreclosure filings 2011 through 2012. This figure represents all foreclosure filings in 2011 and 2012 divided by the number of sales in 2011-2012 (from City Assessor’s file).
- Percent Duplex/Multi-Fam Sales: Milwaukee City Master File representing all multi-unit properties sold divided by the total number of sales 2011-2012 (from City Assessor’s file).
- Percent Water Shut-off: Milwaukee City Water Department file of properties where water service has been shut off divided by the total number of residential properties. This is an indicator of vacancy.
- Percent New Construction/>$10K Rehab: Milwaukee Department of Neighborhood Services records of all building permits issued between 1/1/2010 through 12/31/2012 for new construction and substantial rehabilitation (estimated value greater than $10,000) of properties divided by the total number of residential properties.
- Percent Owner-Occupied: Milwaukee City Master File representing the percent of all occupied housing units that are occupied by owners.
- Percent Publicly Subsidized Rental: Represents Milwaukee Public Housing Authority owned developments, and HUD-assisted rental housing developments including Housing Choice Vouchers from both the City of Milwaukee and Milwaukee County, divided by the number of renter-occupied housing units from the City Master File.
- Percent Non-Residential Area: Milwaukee City Master File. This figure represents non-residential land – not including parking lots – divided by all developed land.
The tables below show each component’s average for each MVA category.
Reinvestment Fund cluster analysis revealed nine market types, characterized as follows:
- Market Type A: Highest home prices, lowest number of foreclosure filings relative to sales volume (foreclosure rate), second lowest owner occupancy rate, second highest percentage of sales that are duplex or multi-family.
- Market Type B: High home prices, second lowest foreclosure rate relative to sales volume, highest percent owner occupied, lowest coefficient of variance of sales price.
- Market Type C: Relatively high home prices, highest percentage of non-residential land, foreclosure rate as a percentage of sales substantially below the citywide average.
- Market Type D: Relatively high home prices compared to the citywide average, foreclosures as a percentage of sales below the citywide average, percent of sales that are multi-unit are above the citywide average.
- Market Type E: Home prices that are substantially below the citywide average, second highest homeownership rate, highest percentage of publicly subsidized rental, foreclosures as a percent of sales higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type F: Second highest percentage of non-residential area, higher foreclosures as a percent of sales than the citywide average, higher percent of sales that are multi-unit than the citywide average.
- Market Type G: Second lowest homeownership rate, home prices below the citywide average, high number of foreclosures as a percent of sales, highest percentage of sales that are multi-unit, percent water shut-offs that are substantially higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type H: Second lowest home sale prices, percentage of sales that are multi-unit below the citywide average, second highest coefficient of variance of sales, second highest percent of publicly subsidized rental, percent water shut-offs that are substantially higher than the citywide average.
- Market Type I: Lowest home sale prices, highest vacancy rate, lowest owner occupancy rate, highest coefficient of variance of sales, highest percent water shut-offs.
Also, it is worth noting that the Milwaukee MVA widget also includes additional data layers that are not on the PolicyMap maps page and were not included in the MVA analysis, and thus are not listed above. These include the Total Number of Establishments, Total Number of Employees, and Total Number of Sales, which are all from the National Establishment Time-Series (NETS). PolicyMap received these layers, as well as residential sales indicators, from Reinvestment Fund’s Policy Solutions department.
Surgo Ventures: Maternal Vulnerability Index
Topics: |
Maternal Vulnerability, Health Risk, Social Determinants of Health, Reproductive Healthcare, Physical Health, Mental Health & Substance Abuse, General Healthcare, Physical Environment |
Source: |
Surgo Ventures |
Years Available: |
2023, 2024 |
Geographies: |
tract, ZCTA, county, state |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
https://www.surgohealth.com/ |
Last Updated on PolicyMap: |
October 2024 |
PolicyMap Exclusive: |
No |
Description:
The U.S. Maternal Vulnerability Index (MVI), created by Surgo Ventures, is the first open source tool to identify where and why mothers in the United States are vulnerable to poor health outcomes. The index ranks geographies on overall vulnerability to poor pregnancy outcomes and vulnerability across six themes: reproductive health, physical health, mental health and substance abuse, general healthcare, socioeconomic determinants, and physical environment. Six MVI themes reflect 43 indicators associated with maternal health outcomes. All indicators have been normalized to be 0-100 where 0 = the least vulnerable and 100 = the most vulnerable.Trust for Public Land: ParkServe
Details: |
Park Designation, Park Owner Type, Level of Access, Park Access Demographics within a 10-minute walk, park priority areas |
Topics: |
health, physical activity, open space |
Source: |
Trust for Public Land |
Years Available: |
2020 |
Geographies: |
Polygon |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Public Edition |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
https://www.tpl.org/parkserve |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
November 2021 |
Description:
Trust for Public Land (TPL) is a national non-profit that conserves land for social use. The TPL ParkServe dataset measures and analyzes access to parks in 14,000 urban areas across the United States. TPL established 10-minute walk service areas based on a nationwide walkable road network as part of an analysis of current access to parks in cities, towns, and communities. This analysis was created to ensure that everyone lives within easy walking distance of a well-maintained park. The ParkServe data shows the total population and other population demographics that are served within a10-minute walk by each park. The data also shows the designation type, access type, the owner level and size of each parks. TPL has also published the results of their Park Priority Areas analysis. Park priority areas are areas of neighborhoods, defined here as Census block groups, that are not within a 10 minute walk of a park. These areas are ranked on the following criteria: people per acre, health, heat, respiratory hazard, density of low income households, and density of people of color. These criteria are standardized, weighted, and combined into a single score, which is then translated into a ranking for each city, where 1 is the lowest, and 3 is the highest need.The SNAP Retailer Locator at the USDA website contains a list of all retailers that accept SNAP payments (sometimes known as food stamps).
The health criterion includes prevalence of poor mental health, and low physical activity, sourced from the CDC’s PLACES dataset, and ranked from 1 to 5 for each city. Respiratory hazard data is sourced from the EPA’s EJScreen dataset. Population of color and low income households data is sourced from ESRI’s 2020 Census Block Group Demographic Forecast.
US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory
Details: |
Wetlands |
Topics: |
Sensitive lands, environment |
Source: |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |
Years Available: |
2011 |
Geographies: |
Polygon |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ |
Description:
The National Wetlands Inventory provides information on the extant and status of wetlands across the country.
U.S. Election Atlas
Details: |
Nationwide counts and percentages for elections for president, Senate, and House of Representatives, as well as turnout rate |
Topics: |
Elections, politics |
Source: |
Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |
Years Available: |
2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 |
Geographies: |
County, state, congressional districts (for congressional races) |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
Subscriber-only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://uselectionatlas.org/ |
Last updated on PolicyMap: |
October 2024 |
Description:
Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections provides information on elections for president, senate, and house of representatives. It also provides information on turnout to these elections. Included are the general and midterm elections of 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. County-level data for Alaska is not included because Alaska does not report its election results by county. Turnout data is only available for presidential elections, as midterm elections in different states do not have a standard top-of-the-ballot race by which turnout is calculated. “Margin of victory” maps provide a handy guide to see who won a given geography, and by how much. Values are calculated by subtracting the number of votes for the runner-up candidate from the number of votes for the winning candidate, and dividing that number by the total number of votes cast. Ranges, and not specific numbers, are available for each area. “Change in percent” calculations were calculated by subtracting the 2004 presidential candidate’s vote percentage from the 2008 candidate’s vote percentage. For example, if John Kerry won 45% of a county in 2004, and Barack Obama won 55% of that county in 2008, the change in percent would be 10%. Note that for House of Representative elections, this is calculated every two years. When elections are uncontested (ie., a candidate from one party runs, and no other candidates from another party run), we label the non-contesting parties as having received zero percent of the vote, even though they did not appear on the ballot. In some congressional districts where a candidate ran unopposed, no vote total was tallied by election officials; we label candidates in these districts as having “Insufficient data” for vote counts, and the winner as having 100 percent of the vote for the percent and change-in-percent calculations.The Congressional district boundaries changed in 2012 due to redistricting. Some states gained districts and some states lost districts, and within each state, the shapes of most districts changed. For this reason, change-in-percent calculations are not possible from the 2010 Congressional election to the 2012 election. Additionally, some boundaries in Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia changed in 2016 due to redistricting; percent changes are not shown in 2016 for these districts. Results from the North Carolina 9th Congressional District are suppressed.
US Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation Dataset (NED)
Details: |
Average elevation in meters as of 2019. |
Topics: |
Elevation, altitude |
Source: |
United States Geological Survey, United State Department of the Interior |
Years Available: |
2019 |
Geographies: |
County, place, zipcode, CBSA, state |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://ned.usgs.gov/ |
Description:
The United States Geological Survey’s National Elevation Dataset (NED) is the USGS’s primary source for elevation data. PolicyMap calculates the average elevation as a weighted average of all available elevation counts in a given area. Because the NED does not provide full coverage of elevation data for the entire United States, some areas may be represented by an average of the available data. The USGS updates its database as improved source data becomes available.
US Geological Survey (USGS), National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)
Details: |
Water bodies |
Topics: |
Sensitive lands, environment |
Source: |
United States Geological Survey, United State Department of the Interior |
Years Available: |
2011 |
Geographies: |
Polygon |
Public Edition or Subscriber-only: |
API only |
Download Available: |
no |
For more information: |
http://nhd.usgs.gov/ |
Description:
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) contains surface water information for the United States. It contains features such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, canals, dams, and streamgages.